Effectiveness of Green Tea in a Randomized Human Cohort: Relevance to Diabetes and Its Complications

Table 3

Characteristics of male participants (𝑛) at baseline, after 14-week intervention period, and after 2-week washout period.

Variables	Male green tea group				Male control group
	n	Baseline	Week 14	Washout	n	Baseline	Week 14	Washout
Age (year)	33	48.9±6.9			30	48.1±7.9
Weight (kg)	33	70.8±13.6	71.6±13.5	71.4±13.8	30	75.3±13.3	75.9±13.6	75.4±13.4
BMI (kg/m^2)	33	24.67±3.69	24.97±3.70 (1.2)*	24.87±3.78 (0.8)*	30	26.28±4.76	26.46±4.79 (0.7)*	26.23±4.71 (−0.2)
Waist-hip ratio	33	0.91±0.06	0.90±0.06 (−0.8)	0.89±0.05 (−1.8)*	30	0.92±0.05	0.91±0.06 (−0.8)	0.90±0.04 (−1.7)*
MAP^a (mmHg)	33	93.49±9.48	92.85±9.06 (−0.7)	92.67±10.59 (−0.9)	29	95.62±8.70	92.76±8.73 (−3.0)*	92.29±8.88 (−3.5)*
Glucose (mg/dL)	30	89.70±11.18	90.47±11.65 (0.9)	92.87±9.45 (3.5)	27	90.56±10.35	87.56±11.66 (−3.3)	89.15±11.18 (−1.6)
HbA1c (%)	30	6.00 [5.70–6.20]	5.90 [5.70−6.20]	6.05 [5.80–6.30]*	28	6.00 [5.70–6.20]	5.90 [5.60–6.10]*	5.95 [5.70–6.10]
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	32	218.75±40.39	195.91±34.52 (−10.4)*	199.19±32.72 (−8.9)*	29	215.45±40.01	184.86±35.34 (−14.2)*	194.10±42.06 (−9.9)*
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	31	125.42±54.97	127.77±55.66 (1.9)	115.55±48.38 (−7.9)	26	124.96±47.71	115.58±41.15 (−7.5)	108.04±38.81 (−13.5)*
LDL (mg/dL)	32	145.28±33.72	131.47±28.53 (−9.5)*	134.94±26.89 (−7.1)	27	147.89±37.34	128.26±26.97 (−13.3)*	136.44±35.99 (−7.7)
HDL (mg/dL)	31	48.58±10.92	42.81±11.05 (−11.9)*	44.00±10.31 (−9.4)*	28	45.54±9.41	38.89±8.30 (−14.6)*	40.86±9.26 (−10.3)*
LDL/HDL	31	3.11±0.85	3.22±0.75 (3.5)	3.22±0.77 (3.5)	26	3.38±1.03	3.29±0.62 (−2.7)	3.41±0.76 (0.9)
Ferritin (ng/dL)	29	100.45±72.68	97.41±65.48 (−3.0)	98.97±65.49 (−1.5)	26	80.04±47.12	111.42±75.86 (39.2)*	107.65±72.83 (34.5)*
Albumin (g/dL)	29	4.50±0.23	4.43±0.20 (−1.4)	4.48±0.20 (−0.5)	27	4.50±0.23	4.41±0.23 (−2.1)*	4.47±0.20 (−0.8)
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	31	1.10 [1.00–1.20]	1.10 [1.10–1.20]	1.10 [1.00–1.20]	27	1.10 [1.10–1.20]	1.10 [1.00–1.20]	1.10 [1.00–1.20]
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL)	29	131.52±65.76	188.17±94.65 (43.1)*	170.66±76.81 (29.8)*	29	138.31±70.17	200.38±64.94 (44.9)*	197.38±80.27 (42.7)*
Urea (mg/dL)	31	14.42±4.66	14.65±3.89 (1.6)	15.48±3.94 (7.4)	27	13.63±2.62	13.85±3.59 (1.6)	12.52±2.64 (−8.2)*
eGFR^b (mL/min per 1.73 m^2)	29	82.62±16.73	76.74±9.00 (−7.1)*	79.64±11.26 (−3.6)	27	81.92±14.24	84.24±13.79 (2.8)^#	85.55±15.35 (4.4)
AST^c (IU/L)	29	26.35±6.22	26.41±5.11 (0.3)	26.79±5.54 (1.7)	28	27.11±7.37	26.93±7.35 (−0.7)	27.11±7.21 (0.0)
ALT^d (IU/L)	32	29.09±16.64	27.06±13.45 (−7.0)	27.81±11.39 (−4.4)	28	28.25±12.99	27.54±11.33 (−2.5)	28.61±12.25 (1.3)
TAS^e (mmol/L)	29	1.60±0.15	1.75±0.11 (9.5)*	1.92±0.14 (20.1)*	28	1.62±0.13	1.72±0.10 (6.2)*	1.92±0.17 (18.6)*
Human sera HT50 (minutes)	28	165.5±25.7	170.0±27.2 (2.7)*	173.4±26.5 (4.8)*	28	181.4±31.3	176.1±25.5 (−2.9)	178.0±29.1 (−1.9)

Parametric variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, whereas nonparametric variables are expressed as median [interquartile range]. Percentage changes relative to baseline means are indicated in round brackets. *Mean or median value is significantly different from that of baseline (𝑃<0.1) (compare within row and within group). ^#Mean or median value is significantly different from that of week 14 (𝑃<0.1) (compare within row and between group). ^aMean arterial pressure; ^bestimated glomerular filtration rate; ^caminotransferase aspartate; ^daminotransferase alanine; ^etotal antioxidant status.