Review Article
Self-Eating: Friend or Foe? The Emerging Role of Autophagy in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Table 1
Autophagy and pulmonary diseases.
| Study | Model | Disease | Stimulus/effect |
| Chen et al. 2008 [24] | in vivo/in vitro | COPD | CS induces autophagy in epithelial cells. | Monick et al. 2010 [25] | in vitro | COPD | CS-induced cell death and emphysema are regulated by LC3β activity. | Chen et al. 2010 [29] | in vivo/in vitro | COPD | CS decreases autophagy in alveolar macrophages. | Luciani et al. 2010 [30] | in vivo/in vitro | CF | Defective autophagy in CF | Abdulrahman et al. 2011 [31] | in vivo/in vitro | CF | Treatment with rapamycin induces autophagy and reduces the burden of B. cenocepacia. | Singh et al. 2006 [33] | in vitro | MTB infection | Induction of autophagy by IFNγ or rapamycin enhances mycobacteria killing. | Gutierez et al. 2004 [34] | in vitro | MTB infection | Induction of autophagy by IFNγ eliminates mycobacteria through an IRGM mechanism. | Lee et al. 2011 [35] | in vivo/in vitro | PH | Autophagy protects against hypoxia-induced PH. | Parhitko et al. 2011 [36] | in vivo/in vitro | TSC | Genetic-pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy blocks autophagy in TSC. | Gills et al. 2007 [39] | in vivo/in vitro | Lung cancer | Nelfinavir activates autophagy and exhibits antiproliferative activity in lung cancer. | Mi et al. 2011 [80] | in vivo/in vitro | PF | Antagonism of IL-17A induces autophagy and protects against fibrosis. | Patel et al. 2012 [5] | in vivo/in vitro | IPF | TGF-β1 inhibits autophagy in lung fibrobasts. Rapamycin induces autophagy in the BLM model and reduces the degree of fibrosis. | Araya et al. 2013 [6] | in vitro | IPF | Insufficient autophagy promotes myofibroblast differentiation and collagen deposition. |
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COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CS: cigarette smoking, CF: cystic fibrosis, MTB: mycobacterium tuberculosis, IFNγ: interferon γ, PH: pulmonary hypertension, TSC: tuberous sclerosis complex, PF: pulmonary fibrosis, IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-β1, BLM: bleomycin.
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