Copyright © 2013 Charles A. Downs et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. M. Moss, B. Bucher, F. A. Moore, E. E. Moore, and P. E. Parsons, “The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 275, no. 1, pp. 50–54, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
2. M. Moss and E. L. Burnham, “Chronic alcohol abuse, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. S207–S212, 2003. View at Scopus
3. M. Moss, P. E. Parsons, K. P. Steinberg et al., “Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severity of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with septic shock,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 869–877, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. D. M. Berkowitz, P. A. Danai, S. Eaton, M. Moss, and G. S. Martin, “Alcohol abuse enhances pulmonary edema in acute respiratory distress syndrome,” Alcoholism, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1690–1696, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. M. R. Camiel and M. Jereb, “Pulmonary blebs and bullae in alcoholics: a possible alcoholic-specific lung phenomenon,” Journal of the National Medical Association, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 285–288, 1986. View at Scopus
6. L. Dada, A. R. Gonzalez, D. Urich et al., “Alcohol worsens acute lung injury by inhibiting alveolar sodium transport through the adenosine A1 receptor,” PLoS One, vol. 7, Article ID e30448, 2012.
7. S. K. Das and S. Mukherjee, “Long-term ethanol consumption leads to lung tissue oxidative stress and injury,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 414–420, 2010. View at Scopus
8. D. M. Guidot and J. Roman, “Chronic ethanol ingestion increases susceptibility to acute lung injury: role of oxidative stress and tissue remodeling,” Chest, vol. 122, no. 6, pp. 309S–314S, 2002. View at Scopus
9. D. C. Eaton, M. N. Helms, M. Koval, F. B. Hui, and L. Jain, “The contribution of epithelial sodium channels to alveolar function in health and disease,” Annual Review of Physiology, vol. 71, pp. 403–423, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. M. D. Johnson, H. F. Bao, M. N. Helms et al., “Functional ion channels in pulmonary alveolar type I cells support a role for type I cells in lung ion transport,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 13, pp. 4964–4969, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. S. D. Brown and L. A. Brown, “Ethanol (EtOH)-induced TGF-β(1) and reactive oxygen species production are necessary for EtOH-induced alveolar macrophage dysfunction and induction of alternative activation,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
12. S. M. Yeligar, F. L. Harris, C. M. Hart, and L. A. Brown, “Ethanol induces oxidative stress in alveolar macrophages via upregulation of NADPH oxidases,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 188, pp. 3648–3657, 2012.
13. X. Fan, P. C. Joshi, M. Koval, and D. M. Guidot, “Chronic alcohol ingestion exacerbates lung epithelial barrier dysfunction in HIV-1 transgenic rats,” Alcoholism, vol. 35, pp. 1866–1875, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. A. L. Fernandez, M. Koval, X. Fan, and D. M. Guidot, “Chronic alcohol ingestion alters claudin expression in the alveolar epithelium of rats,” Alcohol, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 371–379, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. E. Rubin and C. S. Lieber, “Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis produced by alcohol in primates,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 290, no. 3, pp. 128–135, 1974. View at Scopus
16. B. C. Ponnappa and E. Rubin, “Modeling alcohol's effects on organs in animal models,” Alcohol Research and Health, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 93–104, 2000. View at Scopus
17. D. B. Maurel, C. Jaffre, E. S. O'Brien et al., “Chronic and intermittent exposure to alcohol vapors: a new model of alcohol-induced osteopenia in the rat,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
18. C. S. Lieber and L. M. DeCarli, “The feeding of alcohol in liquid diets: two decades of applications and 1982 update,” Alcoholism, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 523–531, 1982. View at Scopus
19. V. R. Preedy, P. Duane, and T. J. Peters, “Biological effects of chronic ethanol consumption: a reappraisal of the Lieber-De Carli liquid-diet model with reference to skeletal muscle,” Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 151–154, 1988. View at Scopus
20. D. M. Guidot, K. Modelska, M. Lois et al., “Ethanol ingestion via glutathione depletion impairs alveolar epithelial barrier function in rats,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 279, no. 1, pp. L127–L135, 2000. View at Scopus
21. D. M. Guidot and L. A. S. Brown, “Mitochondrial glutathione replacement restores surfactant synthesis and secretion in alveolar epithelial cells of ethanol-fed rats,” Alcoholism, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1070–1076, 2000. View at Scopus
22. J. S. Otis, L. A. S. Brown, and D. M. Guidot, “Oxidant-induced atrogin-1 and transforming growth factor-β1 precede alcohol-related myopathy in rats,” Muscle and Nerve, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 842–848, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. J. S. Otis, P. O. Mitchell, C. D. Kershaw, P. C. Joshi, and D. M. Guidot, “Na,K-ATPase expression is increased in the lungs of alcohol-fed rats,” Alcoholism, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 699–705, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. J. A. Polikandriotis, H. L. Rupnow, S. C. Elms et al., “Chronic ethanol ingestion increases superoxide production and NADPH oxidase expression in the lung,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 314–319, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. K. Song, R. A. Coleman, X. Zhu et al., “Chronic ethanol consumption by mice results in activated splenic T cells,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 1109–1116, 2002. View at Scopus
26. J. H. Spitzer and G. G. Meadows, “Modulation of perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B in murine natural killer (NK), IL2 stimulated NK, and lymphokine-activated killer cells by alcohol consumption,” Cellular Immunology, vol. 194, no. 2, pp. 205–212, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. M. L. McCaskill, D. J. Romberger, J. DeVasure et al., “Alcohol exposure alters mouse lung inflammation in response to inhaled dust,” Nutrients, vol. 4, pp. 695–710, 2012.
28. Y. Takemura, P. Goodson, H. F. Bao, L. Jain, and M. N. Helms, “Rac1-mediated NADPH oxidase release of O₂ regulates epithelial sodium channel activity in the alveolar epithelium,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 298, no. 4, pp. L509–L520, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. C. A. Downs, L. H. Kriener, L. Yu, D. C. Eaton, L. Jain, and M. N. Helms, “Beta-adrenergic agonists differentially regulate highly selective and nonselective epithelial sodium channels to promote alveolar fluid clearance in vivo,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 302, pp. L1167–L1178, 2012.
30. M. N. Helms, J. Self, F. B. Hui, L. C. Job, L. Jain, and D. C. Eaton, “Dopamine activates amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in alveolar type I cells in lung slice preparations,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 291, no. 4, pp. L610–L618, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. G. K. Fyfe, A. Quinn, and C. M. Canessa, “Structure and function of the Mec-ENaC family of ion channels,” Seminars in Nephrology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 138–151, 1998. View at Scopus
32. D. G. De la Rosa, C. M. Canessa, G. K. Fyfe, and P. Zhang, “Structure and regulation of amiloride-sensitive sodium channels,” Annual Review of Physiology, vol. 62, pp. 573–594, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. E. Hummler, P. Barker, J. Galzy et al., “Early death due to defective neonatal lung liquid clearance in αENaC-deficient mice,” Nature Genetics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 325–328, 1996. View at Scopus
34. O. Kelly, C. Lin, M. Ramkumar, N. C. Saxena, T. R. Kleyman, and D. C. Eaton, “Characterization of an amiloride binding region in the α-subunit of ENaC,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 285, no. 6, pp. F1279–F1290, 2003. View at Scopus
35. M. N. Helms, L. Jain, J. L. Self, and D. C. Eaton, “Redox regulation of epithelial sodium channels examined in alveolar type 1 and 2 cells patch-clamped in lung slice tissue,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 283, no. 33, pp. 22875–22883, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. H. Y. Wang and G. A. O'Doherty, “Modulators of Na/K-ATPase: a patent review,” Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, vol. 22, pp. 587–605, 2012.
37. S. A. Rajasekaran, S. P. Barwe, and A. K. Rajasekaran, “Multiple functions of Na,K-ATPase in epithelial cells,” Seminars in Nephrology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 328–334, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. T. N. Rindler, I. Dostanic, V. M. Lasko et al., “Knockout of the Na,K-ATPase ${\alpha }_2$-isoform in the cardiovascular system does not alter basal blood pressure but prevents ACTH-induced hypertension,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 301, pp. H1396–H1404, 2011.
39. M. A. Mall, “Role of cilia, mucus, and airway surface liquid in mucociliary dysfunction: lessons from mouse models,” Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 13–24, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. A. Livraghi, B. R. Grubb, E. J. Hudson et al., “Airway and lung pathology due to mucosal surface dehydration in β-epithelial Na+ channel-overexpressing mice: role of TNF-α and IL-4Rα signaling, influence of neonatal development, and limited efficacy of glucocorticoid treatment,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 182, no. 7, pp. 4357–4367, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. M. Mall, B. R. Grubb, J. R. Harkema, W. K. O'Neal, and R. C. Boucher, “Increased airway epithelial Na+ absorption produces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease in mice,” Nature Medicine, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 487–493, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
42. M. A. Mall, B. Button, B. Johannesson et al., “Airway surface liquid volume regulation determines different airway phenotypes in liddle compared with βENaC-overexpressing mice,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 35, pp. 26945–26955, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. A. Livraghi-Butrico, E. J. Kelly, E. R. Klem et al., “Mucus clearance, MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent immunity modulate lung susceptibility to spontaneous bacterial infection and inflammation,” Mucosal Immunology, vol. 5, pp. 397–408, 2012.
44. S. V. Raju and G. Wang, “Suppression of adenosine-activated chloride transport by ethanol in airway epithelia,” PLoS One, vol. 7, Article ID e32112, 2012.
45. P. Maturu, D. R. Vaddi, P. Pannuru, and V. Nallanchakravarthula, “Alterations in erythrocyte membrane fluidity and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity in chronic alcoholics,” Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 339, no. 1-2, pp. 35–42, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
46. L. Ferrier, F. Bérard, L. Debrauwer et al., “Impairment of the intestinal barrier by ethanol involves enteric microflora and mast cell activation in rodents,” American Journal of Pathology, vol. 168, no. 4, pp. 1148–1154, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
47. A. Keshavarzian, A. Farhadi, C. B. Forsyth et al., “Evidence that chronic alcohol exposure promotes intestinal oxidative stress, intestinal hyperpermeability and endotoxemia prior to development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 538–547, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. A. Parlesak, C. Schäfer, T. Schütz, J. C. Bode, and C. Bode, “Increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules and endotoxemia in patients with chronic alcohol abuse in different stages of alcohol-induced liver disease,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 742–747, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
49. B. S. Worthington, L. Meserole, and J. A. Syrotuck, “Effect of daily ethanol ingestion on intestinal permeability to macromolecules,” American Journal of Digestive Diseases, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 23–32, 1978. View at Scopus
50. E. Elamin, D. Jonkers, K. Juuti-Uusitalo et al., “Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on tight junction integrity: in vitro study in a three dimensional intestinal epithelial cell culture model,” PLoS One, vol. 7, Article ID e35008, 2012.
51. J. Aguirre and J. D. Lambeth, “Nox enzymes from fungus to fly to fish and what they tell us about Nox function in mammals,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 1342–1353, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
52. B. M. Babior, “NADPH oxidase,” Current Opinion in Immunology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 42–47, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
53. H. Fischer, “Mechanisms and function of DUOX in epithelia of the lung,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 2453–2465, 2009. View at Scopus
54. M. Geiszt, “NADPH oxidases: new kids on the block,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 289–299, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. T. J. Guzik and K. K. Griendling, “NADPH oxidases: molecular understanding finally reaching the clinical level?” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 2365–2370, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
56. M. Geiszt, J. B. Kopp, P. Várnai, and T. L. Leto, “Identification of Renox, an NAD(P)H oxidase in kidney,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97, no. 14, pp. 8010–8014, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
57. K. D. Martyn, L. M. Frederick, K. von Loehneysen, M. C. Dinauer, and U. G. Knaus, “Functional analysis of Nox4 reveals unique characteristics compared to other NADPH oxidases,” Cellular Signalling, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 69–82, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
58. L. Qin and F. T. Crews, “NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species contribute to alcohol-induced microglial activation and neurodegeneration,” Journal of Neuroinflammation, vol. 9, article 5, 2012.
59. X. Wang, Z. Ke, G. Chen et al., “Cdc42-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase is involved in ethanol-induced neuronal oxidative stress,” PLoS One, vol. 7, Article ID e38075, 2012.
60. P. C. Joshi, A. Mehta, W. S. Jabber, X. Fan, and D. M. Guidot, “Zinc deficiency mediates alcohol-induced alveolar epithelial and macrophage dysfunction in rats,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 207–216, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus