Role of Redox Signaling in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Figure 3
Major pathways of reactive oxygen (nitrogen) species generation and metabolism. Several proinflammatory factors can stimulate generation through activation of several specialized enzymes, such as the Nox, Xox, P450, COX, or NOS. SOD then converts the to H2O2, which is then converted into the highly reactive or has to be rapidly removed from the system that is generally achieved by catalase or peroxidases, such as the GPx. Further, can be either converted into or can react with NO to yield ONOOā. NO is mostly generated by L-Arg via NOS. H2O2 can be converted to HOCl by the action of MPO. myeloperoxidase. O2: molecular oxygen; H2O: water; : superoxide radical anion; : hydroxyl radical; : peroxyl radical; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; : peroxynitrite; NO: nitric oxide; L-Arg: L-arginine; HOCl: hypochlorous acid.
