Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Context of Other Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Normal, borderline, and abnormal values of cardiac autonomic function tests.

Method	Normal	Borderline	Abnormal
Tests for investigation of parasympathetic function
(1) HR variation (R-R interval variation) during deep breathing (max-min HR) (beats/min)	>15	11–14	<10
(2) HR response to Valsalva manoeuvre (Valsalva ratio)	≥1.21	—	≤1.20
(3) HR response to standing up (30 : 15 ratio)	≥1.04	1.01–1.03	≤1.00
Tests for the investigation of sympathetic function
(1) BP response to standing (fall in SBP) (mmHg)	≤10	11–29	≥30
(2) BP response to sustained handgrip (rise in DBP) (mmHg)	≥16	11–15	≤10

HR: heart rate, BP: blood pressure, SBP: systolic blood pressure, and DBP: diastolic blood pressure.