Candidate Genes for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Table 1

Pathways and genes implicated in the pathogenesis of PDR.

Pathway/systems	Gene
Growth factors	Vascular endothelial growth factor
	Basic fibroblast growth factor
	Insulin-like growth factor
Oxidative system	Manganese superoxide dismutase
	Catalase myeloperoxidase
	Glutathione S-transferase
	NADPH oxidase
	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
Inflammatory genes	Interleukins
	Tumor necrosis factor
Adhesion molecules	Intercellular adhesion molecule
	Vascular cell adhesion protein
	Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule
Polyol pathway	Aldose reductase/sorbitol dehydrogenase
Renin-angiotensin system	Renin
	Angiotensinogen
	Angiotensin 1 converting enzyme
	Aldosterone
Advanced glycation end products	Receptor for advanced glycation end products
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
	Coactivator for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
Thrombotic system	Fibrinogen
Platelet function	Integrin
Extracellular matrix homeostasis	Matrix homeostasis genes
	Matrix metalloproteinase
Hormones/vitamins	Growth hormone
	Vitamin D
Undefined	Glucose transporter-1
	Growth hormone