A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Malignant Mesothelioma with Gene Medicine

Table 1

Clinical gene therapy trials for mesothelioma.

Phase study	Vector	Expressed gene	Patient number	Virus titer used [reference]
Pilot	Vaccinia	Interleukin-2	6	Not reported [30]^1
Pilot	Ad	IFN-α2b	9	3 × 10^11–1 × 10^12 vp [33]^2
I	Ad	HSV-TK	13; 21	5 × 10^10–5 × 10^12 vp; 1.5 × 10^13–5 × 10^13 vp [29]^3
I	Ad	IFN-𝛽	8	9 × 10^11–3 × 10^12 vp [31]^4
I	Ad	IFN-𝛽	10	3 × 10^11–3 × 10^12 vp [32]^5

¹Intratumoral injection. The transgene expression was observed despite antivaccinia antibody generated.
²Twice intrapleural injections of E1/E3-deleted Ad at 3-day interval. One case showed more than 50% tumor reduction which was judged with a radiographic assessment on day 64. vp: virus particle.
³A single intrapleural injection of either E1/E3-deleted or E1/E4-deleted Ad. Two long-term survivors (more than 6.5 years) were included in the E1/E4-deleted Ad-injected group.
⁴A single intrapleural injection of E1/E3-deleted Ad. Maximum tolerance dose was judged as 9 × 10¹¹ vp. Polymerase chain reaction detected the viral shedding in serum up to day 4 and in pleural fluid up to day 42.
⁵Twice intrapleural injections of E1/E3-deleted Ad at 7-day interval. No maximum tolerance dose was reached. Neutralizing antibody was generated until day 7.