Molecular Functions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Clinical Significance in Liver-Related Diseases

Table 1

Summary of the relevant TH target genes in hepatocyte.

Physiological function	Gene name	Upregulated by TH/TR	Downregulated by TH/TR	Genomic action	Nongenomic action	Reference
Homeostasis control	Erα	●			●	[61]
	HIF-1α	●			●	[58, 68]
Ion transporter	KCNH2		●		●	[71]
Cellular metabolism	GLUT1	●			●	[68]
	PFKP	●			●	[68]
	MCT 4	●			●	[68]
	mGPDH	●		●		[13, 94]
	CPT-1	●		●		[13, 94]
	SREBP-1c	●		●		[13, 94]
	PPARα	●		●		[95]
	PPARδ		●	●		[95]
	PPARγ	●		●		[95]
	ACOX	●		●		[95]
	SCD	●		●		[95]
	ATGL	●		●		[95]
	Apo B	●		●		[95]
	AKR1B1	●		●		[26]
Cellular death control	TRAIL	●		●		[25]
	Bcl-xL	●		●		[25]
Inflammation	COX-2		●	●		[12]
	STAT3		●	●		[12]
Cell growth control	TGF-β	●		●		[125]
	CDK2		●	●		[125]
	PTTG1		●	●		[24]
Cell metastasis	PAI-1	●		●		[133]
	uPAR	●		●		[133]
	PRSS22	●		●		[133]
	Cathepsin H	●		●		[140]
	DKK4	●		●		[27]
	MAT1A	●		●		[162]
	Spondin 2	●		●		[161]