Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Male Germ Cells <i>In Vitro</i> through Embryoid Body Formation and Retinoic Acid or Testosterone Induction

<table>The expression profiles of germ cell-associated genes in iPS cells treated with RA or testosterone <i>in vitro</i>. qPCR was carried out using the cDNA of iPS cells in the presence or absence of RA and testosterone. The mean normalized expression of each gene relative to that of <i>Gapdh</i> was shown along the <svg height="12.175" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.9624996 12.175" width="9.9624996" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path d="M556 393q0 -39 -36 -106q-42 -78 -185 -279q-47 -66 -81 -108t-117 -135l-112 -26l-8 22q150 90 251 219q-6 136 -39 340q-8 53 -21 53q-6 0 -27 -19.5t-38 -42.5l-16 26q80 111 127 111q23 0 35 -28t20 -90q18 -137 27 -263h2q142 200 142 279q0 24 -14 48q-4 7 5 26
q13 28 43 28q18 0 30 -15.5t12 -39.5z" id="x1D466"></path></g>
</svg>-axis. C: the control group without retinoic acid or testosterone induction. T: the testosterone induction group. RA: the retinoic acid induction group. RA/T: the retinoic acid and testosterone induction group. Note: *indicated statistically significant differences (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in the mRNA expression between the RA- or testosterone-treated groups and the control. </table>

BioMed Research International

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Male Germ Cells <i>In Vitro</i> through Embryoid Body Formation and Retinoic Acid or Testosterone Induction 

Figure 4 | Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Male Germ Cells In Vitro through Embryoid Body Formation and Retinoic Acid or Testosterone Induction 