Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Biological and Environmental Samples

Table 2

Determination of PCPs in biological and environmental samples.

Analytes	Samples	Extraction	Determination	Analytical parameters	Reference
Triclosan and triclocarban	Wastewater and tap water	IL-DLLME	LC-MS^2	Recovery: 70–103%; LODs: 0.04–0.58 μg·L^−1	[110]
Triclocarban	Wastewater effluents	SBSE	LC-MS^2	Recovery: 92–96%; LOQ: 10 ng·L^−1	[111]
UV filters: BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-4, BP-6, and BP-8	River water and wastewater	SPE	LC-MS^2	Recovery: 83–105%; LOQs: 1–32 ng·L^−1	[112]
Benzotriazoles (UVP, UV 329, UV 326, UV 328, UV 327, UV 571, UV 360)	Coastal marine water and wastewater	On-line SPE	UHPLC-MS^2	Recovery: 65–94%; LODs: 0.6–4.1 ng·L^−1	[113]
BP-1, BP-3, BP-8, OC, OD-PABA Triclocarban, triclosan Methylparaben, ethylparaben, benzylparaben, propylparaben	Surface water and wastewaters	SPE	UHPLC-MS^2	Recovery: 20–101%; LODs: 20–200 ng·L^−1	[114]
53 multiclass emerging pollutants (UV filters and insect repellents, among others)	Tap water, surface water and wastewater	SPE	LC-MS^2	Recovery > 60%; LODs: 0.3–30 ng·L^−1	[115]
4-hydroxybenzophenone BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, and BP-8	Sediments and sludge	LLE	LC-MS^2	Recovery: 70–116%; LOQs: 0.06–1.65 ng·g^−1	[116]
Biocides, UV filters, and benzothiazoles	Sludge sample	PLE	LC-MS^2	Recovery: 74–119%	[117]
Triclosan and triclocarban methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, and benzyl paraben OD-PABA, OC, PMDSA, BP-1, BP-3, BP-8	Sewage sludge	PLE	UHPLC-MS^2	Recovery: 15–100%; LODs < 8 ng·g^−1	[118]
PBSA, BP-3, OC, OD-PABA, BP-4, 4-MBC, BM-DBM, PDT, and IAMC	Water environment	SPE	LC-MS^2	Recovery: 63–102%; LODs: 7–46 ng·L^−1	[119]
Benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-4, 4,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, ethyl-4-aminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor, 3-benzylidene-camphor	Fish	Ethyl acetate, n-heptane, and water	LC-MS	Recovery > 72%; LODs: 78–205 ng·g^−1; 1.8–5.3 μg·kg^−1	[120]
Antimicrobials, preservatives, and benzotriazole UV stabilizers	Fish	HSSE	UFLC-MS^2	Recovery > 70%; MDLs: 179–266 ng·g^−1	[121]

LC: liquid chromatography; UHPLC: ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography; UFLC: ultra fast liquid chromatography; QqQ: triple quadrupole; IT: ion trap; LIT: lineal ion trap; ESI: electrospray ionization; APCI: atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; NI: negative ion mode of ionisation; PI: positive ion mode of ionisation; MRM: multiple-reaction monitoring; SRM: selected reaction monitoring.
IL: ionic liquid; LLE: liquid-liquid extraction; SDME: single drop microextraction; DLLME: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; SBSE: stir bar sorptive extraction; MISPE: molecularly imprinted polymer extraction; UAE: ultrasound-assisted extraction; PLE: pressurised liquid extraction; MAE: microwave-assisted extraction; HSSE: high-speed solvent extraction.
LOQ: limit of quantification; LOD: limit of detection; MDL: method detection limit.
OC: octocrylene; PMDSA: 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid; OD-PABA: octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid; BP-1: 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone; BP-2: 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone; BP-3: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; BP-4: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulphonic acid; BP-6: 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-methoxybenzophenone; BP-8: 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; BM-DBM: butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane; IAMC: isoamyl methoxycinnamate; 4-MBC: 3-methylbenzylidene camphor; PDT: phenyldibenzimidazoletetrasulfonic acid.