Efficacy of Iranian Traditional Medicine in the Treatment of Epilepsy

Table 1

Anticonvulsant studies of the efficacy of medicinal plants in TIM.

Name of plant	Part used in TIM	Active constituent	Experimental Model of seizures	‍Clinical trials	Reference
Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae)	Fruits	Ethanolic extract of fruits	PTZ, MES, and PC*		[9]
Anacyclus pyrethrum (compositae)	Root	Chloroform fraction of root; Root ethanolic extract; Hydroalcoholic root extract	PTZ, ICES*; MES; PTZ, MES		[10–13]
Pimpinella anisum; (Umbelliferae)	Seed	Anise seed oil; Methanol seed extract	PTZ, MES; PC		[14–17]
Laurus nobilis; (Lauraceae)	Fruits (seed)	Leaf essential oil	PTZ, MES		[18]
Origanum majorana; (Labiatae)	Aerial parts	Pet ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol, and aqueous extracts	PTZ, MES		[19]
Nigella sativa; (Ranunculaceae)	Seed	Aqueous seed extract; Seed essential oil	PTZ; PTZ	Childhood refractory epilepsy	[20–22]
		Thymoquinone	PTZ, MES	Childhood refractory epilepsy	[23–25]
Piper longum; (Piperaceae)	Fruits	Aqueous fruit extract	PTZ, strychnine, and 4-aminopyridine		[26]
		Piperine		Uncontrolled epilepsy**	[27]
			Pilocarpine; Threshold doses of kainite; L-glutamate,; N-methyl-D-aspartate guanidinosuccinate		[28, 29]
Ferula gummosa; (Apiaceae)	Gum resin	Fruit essential oil; seed acetone extract	PTZ, MES; PTZ, MES		[30–32]
Ferula assa-foetida; (Apiaceae)	Gum resin	Gum ethanolic extract	PTZ		[33]
Brassica nigra; (Brassicaceae)	Fruits	Seed extract	PTZ		[34]
Caesalpinia bonducella  (Caesalpiniaceae)	Fruits	Seed pet ether extract	PTZ, MES, strychnine, and PC		[35]
Lavandula stoechas; (Lamiaceae)	Aerial parts	Aqueous-methanolic extract of flower	PTZ		[36]
Ruta graveolens; (Rutaceae)	Aerial parts	Hydroalcoholic extract	PTZ		[37]

∗PTZ: pentylenetetrazole, MES: maximum electroshock, PC: picrotoxin, ICES: increasing current electroshock.
**Effect of piperin on oral bioavailability of phenytoin.