<i>In Silico</i> Expressed Sequence Tag Analysis in Identification of Probable Diabetic Genes as Virtual Therapeutic Targets

Behera, Pabitra Mohan; Behera, Deepak Kumar; Panda, Aparajeya; Dixit, Anshuman; Padhi, Payodhar

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/704818

BioMed Research International

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 704818 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/704818

In Silico Expressed Sequence Tag Analysis in Identification of Probable Diabetic Genes as Virtual Therapeutic Targets

Pabitra Mohan Behera,¹Deepak Kumar Behera,²Aparajeya Panda,²Anshuman Dixit,³and Payodhar Padhi²

Academic Editor: Ying Xu

Received25 Sept 2012

Revised12 Dec 2012

Accepted17 Dec 2012

Published11 Feb 2013

Abstract

The expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are major entities for gene discovery, molecular transcripts, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) analysis as well as functional annotation of putative gene products. In our quest for identification of novel diabetic genes as virtual targets for type II diabetes, we searched various publicly available databases and found 7 reported genes. The in silico EST analysis of these reported genes produced 6 consensus contigs which illustrated some good matches to a number of chromosomes of the human genome. Again the conceptual translation of these contigs produced 3 protein sequences. The functional and structural annotations of these proteins revealed some important features which may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetes.

1. Introduction

To understand the behavior and functionality of various biological processes, it is important to get a clear cut idea of genes and gene products involved, evident by the regulatory interactions of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Rapid advancement in technologies like microarray, sequencing, and spectrometry has contributed vast data for analysis and prediction in the light of genomics and proteomics.

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are short stretch of nucleotide sequences (200–800 bases) derived from the cDNA libraries. These are capable of identification of the full-length complimentary gene and mostly used for the identification of an expressed gene. The EST generation process involves sequencing of single segments either 5′ end or 3′ end of random clones from cDNA library of an organism. A single sequencing reaction and automation of DNA isolation, sequencing, and analysis can generate many ESTs at a time. Since their original description and involvement as primary resources in human gene discovery [1], ESTs grow exponentially in various public databases, which will continue till there is suitable funding for the sequencing projects. Although the original ESTs were of human origin, a large number of ESTs are also isolated from model organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, rice, and Arabidopsis. Public databases like dbEST [2], TIGR Gene Indices [3], and UniGene [4–6] now contain ESTs from a number of organisms for research and analysis. In addition, several commercial establishments maintain some privately funded, in-house collections of ESTs which are available for research. At present, ESTs are widely used throughout the genomics, and molecular biology communities for gene discovery, complement genome annotation, mapping, polymorphism analysis, gene prediction, gene structure identification, and expression studies establish the viability of alternative transcripts and facilitate proteome analysis.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, glucosuria, negative nitrogen balance, and sometimes ketonemia. The clinical symptoms associated with it are retinopathy, neuropathy, and peripheral vascular insufficiencies. Overweight populations with sedentary lifestyle are more prone to diabetes. A recent study reveals that it affects 150 million people and almost 300 million more will be diabetic by the year 2025 [7]. Out of the three major types of diabetes, the non-insulin-dependent (type II diabetes or NIDDM) accounts for 90–95% of the diagnosed cases of the disease. There is no single approach to treat this disease and usually a combination therapy is adopted from different approaches. The worldwide epidemic of type II diabetes led the development of new strategies for its treatment. The discovery of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) heralded a new era in understanding the patho-physiology of insulin receptors and its related complications [8]. PPARs are known to be the receptor for the fibrate class of hypolipidemic agents, while PPAR agonists reduce hyperglycemia without increasing the amount of insulin secretion. Again few other validated targets are protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). PTP-1B is a cytosolic phosphatase with a single catalytic domain [9]. In vitro, it is a nonspecific PTP and phosphorylates a wide variety of substrates. In vivo, it is involved in down regulation of insulin signaling by dephosphorylation of specific phosphotyrosine residues on the insulin receptor. GSK-3 is a type of protein kinase, which mediates the phosphorylation of certain serine and threonine residues in particular cellular substrates. This phosphorylation mainly inhibits the target proteins as in the case of glycogenesis it inhibits glycogen synthase [10–12]. While a lot of research is focused on validated targets like PTP1B, PPARs, and GSKs, this paper intends identification of novel diabetic genes as virtual target(s). The approach is purely in silico and by analysis of ESTs available in public databases.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Databases like dbEST, TIGR Gene Indices, and UniGene are most useful resources containing raw and clusters of ESTs for many organisms. The dbEST is the largest repository of EST data maintained by NCBI. The TIGR Gene Indices of DFCI alphabetically list the ESTs of many organisms. NCBI’s UniGene contains gene-oriented clusters of transcript sequences obtained by alignments between transcript sequences and genomic sequences originating from the same gene. The current information content of these three databases is represented in Table 1.

To initiate an in silico analysis, the UniGene database was searched for human diabetes gene clusters that reported seven gene entries whose mRNA and ESTs information are listed in Table 2.

The ESTs of all seven gene entries were downloaded and only those originating from pancreas and liver tissue were taken for analysis. Only the 5′ ESTs were considered as the ESTs generated from the 3′ end are most error prone because of the low base-call quality at the start of sequence reads. There were no ESTs of pancreatic or hepatic tissue origin for the gene entry “Aquaporin 2 (AQP2).” Thus we found a total of 34 ESTs from six reported gene entries as listed in Table 3.

2.2. Methods

2.2.1. EST Pre-Processing

The EST sequences are often of low quality because they are automatically generated without verification and thus contain higher error rates. The ESTs are also contaminated by vector sequences during their synthesis because a part of the vector is also sequenced along with the EST sequences. These sequences should be removed from EST to reduce the overall redundancy and to improve efficacy in further analysis. A comparison of ESTs with various nonredundant vector databases identifies the contamination which is deleted prior to analysis, for example. The EMVEC [13, 14] database removes the vector contamination from the EST sequences using NCBI BLAST2 [15, 16]. Using the UniGene clusters in our analysis is obvious as each cluster is generated by combined information from dbEST, GenBank mRNA database, and electronically spliced genomic DNA. Further they are clustered and cleaned from contamination (either by bacterial vector sequences or by linker sequences).

2.2.2. EST Clustering and Assembly

The purpose behind EST clustering is to collect overlapping ESTs from the same transcript of a single gene into a unique cluster to reduce redundancy. This is important because all the expressed data coming from a single gene are grouped into an index class which represents information of that particular gene. The clustering or assembly is mainly done by pairwise sequence similarity search between sequences and it consists of three major phases. In the first phase, poor regions of both 5′ and 3′ reads are identified and removed. Then the overlapping regions between the sequences are calculated and the false overlaps are removed after their identification. In the second phase, reads are joined to form contigs in decreasing order of overlap scores. Then, both forward-reverse constraints are used to make corrections to the resulting contigs. In the third phase, a multiple sequence alignment of reads is constructed and a consensus sequence along with a quality value for each base is computed for each contig. Base quality values are used in computation of overlaps and construction of multiple sequence alignments. The tissue-based ESTs from six reported genes were subjected to cluster analysis by the CAP3 Server [17]. The subjected ESTs along with their gene names and resulting contigs are listed in Table 4.

2.2.3. Database Similarity Searches

The consensus sequences or contigs (putative genes) obtained from clustering are only useful if their functionality are ascertained and it is only possible by database similarity search using some freely available tools like BLASTN and BLASTX. For transcriptome analysis, the ESTs are additionally aligned to the genome sequence of the organism using specialized programs like BLAT (BLAST like alignment tool) [18] to assist genome mapping and gene discovery. The 6 contigs generated from 4 genes (GCK, AVPR2, ICA1, and SOX13) were subjected to BLAT analysis with parameters reading (genome: human, assembly: Feb. 2009 (GRCh37/hg19), query type: translated DNA, sort output: Score, output type: hyperlink). The outputs are listed in Table 5.

2.2.4. Conceptual Translation of ESTs

The EST sequences or data is informative only when its ontology, structure, and functions are obvious, for this the ESTs are correlated to protein-centric annotations by most accurate and robust polypeptide translations. The fact governing this process is that the polypeptides act as better templates for the identification of domains and motifs to study protein localization and assignment of gene ontology. The translations of ESTs are initiated by identifying the protein-coding regions or ORFs (open reading frames) from the consensus sequences or contigs. Here all 6 reported contigs were threaded to ESTScan2 [19, 20] tool with parameters reading (format: plain text, species: human, insertion/deletion penalty: −50, output: protein). The graphical view of 6 reported proteins is shown in Figure 1 obtained by BioEdit [21]. From these proteins, only 3 long continuous transcripts (GCK liver, GCK pancreas, and ICA1 liver) were selected for further structural and functional annotations.

2.2.5. Functional Annotation

The functionality of a putative polypeptide is predicted by matching against nonredundant databases of protein sequences, motifs, and family; this is because proteins act as better templates for functional annotation implementing multiple-sequence alignment, profile, HMM generation, phylogenetic analysis, domains, and motif analysis. In our search for a novel diabetic gene, only 3 translated protein sequences (GCK liver, GCK pancreas, and ICA1 liver) obtained from ESTScan2 were subjected to InterProScan 4.8 [22] with parameters program: iprscan, nocrc: false, goterms: true, appl: blastprodom, fprintscan, hmmpir, hmmpfam, hmmsmart, hmmtigr, profilescan, hamap, patternscan, superfamily, signalp, tmhmm, hmmpanther, gene3d. The results are listed in Table 6.

3. Results and Discussion

Current EST analysis includes several steps and a wide range of computational tools are available for each step featuring different strengths and generate vital information systematically. Again there exists some arguments and confusion in selecting the suitable tools for individual steps of EST analysis and subsequent annotations at DNA and protein level. In our EST analysis for identification of novel diabetic genes as virtual targets for type II diabetes, we have followed a much cited procedure described by Nagaraj et al. [23]. From several successful and widely accessed EST databases, the UniGene database was selected as it uses mRNA and other coding sequence data of GenBank [24] as reference sequences for cluster generation. The UniGene clusters are updated weekly for progressive data management with the ever increasing EST data in GenBank. It stores all gene isoforms in a single cluster and does not generate consensus sequences. After search for the human diabetic gene in UniGene, the EST sequences of pancreatic and hepatic origin were selected due to their all-round association and greater functionality in the onset and continuation of diabetes. Only the 5′ ESTs of six genes were considered for analysis as the ESTs generated from the 3′ end are most error prone. After purposeful clustering of specific ESTs of a particular gene, we found out 1 contig each of hepatic and pancreatic origin for GCK, 1 contig of pancreatic origin for AVPR2, 1 contig each of hepatic and pancreatic origin for ICA1, and 1 contig of pancreatic origin for SOX13. The database similarity search by querying these contigs in BLAT against human genome revealed that both the hepatic contig and the pancreatic contig of GCK were showing good matches with chromosomes (1, 3, 4, 5, and 7) and (1, 3, 4, and X), respectively. The pancreatic contig of AVPR2 was showing good matches with chromosomes (1 and 2). Both the hepatic contig and pancreatic contig of ICA1 were showing good matches with chromosomes (1, 2, 5, and 7) and (1, 2, 7, and 16), respectively. The pancreatic contig of SOX13 was showing good matches with chromosomes (1, 6, and 7). The conceptual translation of these contigs in ESTScan2 provides six protein sequences from which we have considered only three (GCK liver, GCK pancreas, and ICA1 liver) as best for our analysis. The rest three sequences were left due to some erroneous readings (X, which does not code for any amino acid or refers to a stop codon) in their sequence. Thus the three proteins were GCK liver, a protein of 136 amino acids with molecular weight of 15474.87 Daltons; GCK pancreas, a protein of 313 amino acids with molecular weight of 34694.19 Daltons; and ICA1 pancreas, a protein of 270 amino acids with molecular weight of 31690.83 Daltons. These three proteins were named as hypothetical protein 1, hypothetical protein 2, and hypothetical protein 3 for further annotation.

3.1. The Hypothetical Protein 1

We have reported it from 5′ ESTs of liver tissues and it belongs to the hexokinase family of proteins with a distinct N-terminal and C-terminal. It is involved in the primary metabolic process like glycolysis and helps in the ATP-dependant conversion of aldohexose and ketohexose sugars to hexose-6-phosphate. The main function is carbohydrate kinase activity of various metabolic pathways like pentose phosphate pathway, fructose galactose metabolism, and glycolysis. It contains two structurally similar domains represented by PFAM families PF00349 [25] and PF03727 [26]. In structural classification by CATH, it belongs to the classification lineage of hierarchy 3.30.420.40 featuring 3 (alpha beta), 3.30 (2-layer sandwich), and 3.30.420 (nucleotidyltransferase; domain 5).

3.2. The Hypothetical Protein 2

We have reported it from 5′ ESTs of pancreas tissues and it also belongs to the hexokinase family of proteins with a distinct N-terminal and C-terminal. It is involved in the primary metabolic process like glycolysis and helps in the ATP-dependant conversion of aldohexose and ketohexose sugars to hexose-6-phosphate. The main function is the carbohydrate kinase activity of various metabolic pathways like pentose phosphate pathway, fructose galactose metabolism, and glycolysis. It contains two structurally similar domains represented by PFAM families PF03727 and PF00349. In structural classification by CATH, it belongs to the classification lineage of hierarchy 3.40.367.20 featuring 3 (alpha beta), 3.40 (3-layer (aba) sandwich), and 3.40.367 (hexokinase; domain 1).

Thus both hypothetical protein 1 and hypothetical protein 2 belong to the same family of proteins with common functions, but structurally they have different domains. The hexokinases contain 7 distinct motifs from which the motif 1 encodes the putative ATP-binding domain and motif 2 encodes for the sugar-binding domain. All motifs, except motif 6, contain amino acids that project into or near the ATP/sugar-binding pocket. Previously we have assumed that the glucokinase (GCK) gene is expressed and functions irrespective of the tissue types, but now it is obvious that there exit some structural differences although they function as same.

3.3. The Hypothetical Protein 3

We have reported it from 5′ ESTs of liver tissues and it belongs to a family of proteins containing an arfaptin domain with a distinct N-terminal and C-terminal. The arfaptin domain interacts with ARF1 (ADP-ribosylation factor 1), a small GTPase involved in vesicle budding at the Golgi complex and immature secretory granules. The structure of arfaptin shows that, upon binding to a small GTPase, arfaptin forms an elongated, crescent-shaped dimer of three-helix coiled coils [27]. The N-terminal region of ICA69 is similar to arfaptin [28]. It is involved in a neurological system process and secretes several neurotransmitters. It is also involved in a cellular process like cell communication and cell-cell signaling with synaptic transmission. In structural classification by CATH, it belongs to the classification lineage of hierarchy 1.20.1270.60 featuring 1 (mainly alpha), 1.20 (up-down bundle), 1.20.1270 (substrate binding domain of DNAk; chain A; domain 2), and 1.20.1270.60 (Arfaptin, Rac-binding fragment, chain A). Again we also found that the mammalian islet cell autoantigen (ICA69) is a 69 kDa protein [29].

3.4. Molecular Modeling of the Three Hypothetical Proteins

To initiate the structural annotations of our three hypothetical proteins, we have generated the homology models using Modeller 9.10 [30–33]. The three protein sequences were queried in BLASTP [34] against the PDB [35] database to select their suitable templates. The template for hypothetical protein 1 was 1HKC with 50% sequence identity and a resolution of 2.80 Å. The template for hypothetical protein 2 was 2NZT with 48% sequence identity and a resolution of 2.45 Å. Similarly the template for the hypothetical protein 3 was 1I49 with 34% sequence identity and a resolution of 2.80 Å. After modeling, the three models were subjected to evaluation by development of the Ramachandran plots using PROCHECK NT stand-alone version [36]. The statistical information gathered from the Ramachandran plots revealed that 95.10%, 93.60%, and 95.70% of the residues were in the allowed region for the proteins hypothetical protein 1, hypothetical protein 2, and hypothetical protein 3 at an average resolution of 2.68 Å. Thus the models were perfect for structural annotation. The hypothetical protein 1 had 4 α-helices and 3 β-sheets arranged in a 2-layered sandwich model (Figure 2(a)). The hypothetical protein 2 had 16 α-helices and 2 β-sheets arranged in a 3-layer sandwich model (Figure 2(b)). The hypothetical protein 3 had only 7 α-helices acquiring an up-down bundle model (Figure 2(c)). Therefore the structural annotations by both InterProScan and subsequent modeling were just similar which purposefully validate our work.

(a)

(b)

(c)

In general glucokinase occurs in human liver, pancreas, gut, and brain cells and plays an important role in suitable regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. It works as a glucose sensor and triggers shifts in metabolism or cell function in response to the rising or falling levels of glucose. A mutation of the gene for this enzyme causes several forms of diabetes or hypoglycemia. Human islet cell autoantigen 1 protein is encoded by the ICA1 gene [37, 38]. This protein contains an arfaptin domain and is found in both cytosolic and membrane-bound Golgi complex and immature secretory granules. It also works as an autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Our in silico analysis revealed three new proteins from which two (hypothetical protein 1 and hypothetical protein 2) were functionally similar to glucokinase and one (hypothetical protein 3) was functionally similar to the human islet cell autoantigen 1. Due to their association in diabetes, these can be treated as virtual therapeutic targets for treatment of diabetes. There were structural variations among these three proteins and their functional homologues which need further structural analysis and interpretation.

4. Conclusion

The in silico EST analysis of seven reported genes associated with diabetes produced 6 consensus contigs which were annotated functionally and structurally. The functional annotations were similar to the corresponding proteins in which the ESTs were actually categorized. The structural annotations revealed that there is a variation which may be due the differences in source tissue types. This information can be used for further structure-based annotations, and new drug designs for the treatment of diabetes.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the scientific community for their valuable submissions to different public domains from where the data are taken for analysis. Sincere acknowledgements are due to the Vice Chancellor of the Siksha O Anusandhan University and the Chairman of the Hi-Tech Group of Institutions for providing essential facilities in successful research and bringing the paper to the level of publication. The award of the Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship to P. M. Behera by the University Grants Commission, India, is duly acknowledged.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2013 Pabitra Mohan Behera et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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