Development and Kinematic Verification of a Finite Element Model for the Lumbar Spine: Application to Disc Degeneration

Table 3

Results from the radiological measurements.

Vertebra	Flexion (°)		Extension (°)		Lateral bending (°)
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
L1	33.94	4.91	38.73	4.29	23.40	2.39
L2	30.25	3.93	34.17	4.29	20.08	2.55
L3	24.78	6.20	31.70	4.28	16.12	1.38
L4	18.09	6.83	24.25	5.24	9.45	1.33
L5	9.69	4.50	12.66	4.06	4.21	0.63