Tight Junction Proteins and Oxidative Stress in Heavy Metals-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Table 1

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity.

Metal	Damaged target	Biomarkers of oxidative stress	Biomarkers of antioxidant capacity	Sources
Cr^6+; (In vivo)	Lipid peroxidation; DNA; Protein carbonylation	MDA; TBARS; Urinary NO^2−/NO^3−; 3-NT	SOD; CAT; GPx; GR; HO-1	[37, 38, 63–66]
Pb; (In vivo)	Lipid peroxidation	TBARS	GSH; GSSG; CAT	[67]
Pb and Hg; (In vitro)		MTs	GSH
	Mitochondria	Hsp25	GST	[68]
	Apoptosis	Hsp72
		Grp78
Hg; (In vivo)		MTs	MEL
	Mitochondria	Hsp72		[69]
		Grp75
		iNOS
Cd; (In vivo)	Lipid peroxidation; Protein carbonylation	TBARS; DNPH assay	SOD; GSH; CAT	[70]

CAT: catalase; DNPH: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; Grp: glucose-regulated proteins; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; Hsp: heat shock proteins; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA: malondialdehyde; MEL: melatonin; MT: metallothionein; NO²⁻/NO³⁻: nitrate/nitrite; 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.