The Sonodynamic Effect of Curcumin on THP-1 Cell-Derived Macrophages

Figure 4

Changes in the cytoskeleton induced by curcumin SDT (×400). (A)-a1, b1, and c1 and (A)-a2, b2, and c2 are control and curcumin-treated cells showed a regular cytoskeletal network. (A)-a3, b3, and c3 are the fluorescence signal of cytoskeletal protein was slightly attenuated, as shown by arrowhead. (A)-a4, b4, and c4 are in some cells, cytoskeletal protein filaments diffused obviously, formed clusters and the plasma membrane lost its normal structure, as shown by arrow. Scale bar: 20 μm. (B) is the percentage of cells with disturbed cytoskeletal filaments in each group. **𝑃<0.01 versus control, ^††𝑃<0.01 versus ultrasound group.