Environmental Lead Exposure Accelerates Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy in Type II Diabetic Patients

Table 6

Cox regression analysis of the overall risk of the primary outcome of progressive renal insufficiency, according to baseline prognostic factors (𝑁=89).

Variable	Hazard ratio (95% CI)*	𝑃 value
Age (each increment of 1 yr)	0.98 (0.94–1.02)	0.337
Female sex	1.83 (0.87–3.83)	0.111
Smoking (no versus yes)	0.75 (0.26–2.12)	0.582
Baseline body-mass index (each increment of 1 kg/m^2)	0.90 (0.81–0.99)	0.023
Previous cardiovascular diseases (no versus yes)	0.55 (0.24–1.29)	0.170
MAP (mmHg) (each increment of 1 mmHg)	1.03 (1.00–1.06)	0.088
Cholesterol (mg/dL) (each increment of 1 mg/dL)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.822
Triglycerides (mg/dL) (each increment of 1 mg/dL)	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	0.937
HbA1c (%) (each increment of 1%)	0.98 (0.83–1.16)	0.806
Baseline serum creatinine (each increment of 1 mg/dL)	0.29 (0.06–1.29)	0.104
Body lead burden (each increment of 1 μg)	1.01 (1.01–1.02)	<0.001
Baseline daily protein intake (each increment of 1 g/kg)	0.41 (1.06–1.44)	0.462
Baseline daily protein excretion (each increment of 1 g)	1.24 (1.12–1.42)	0.008

Cardiovascular diseases included ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, and diabetic foot. MAP: mean arterial pressure.