HBV Induced HCC: Major Risk Factors from Genetic to Molecular Level

Table 1

Genes upregulated during HBV-induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Genes up-regulated during HCC
Gene name	Gene	Function	Activation by	Reference
B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2	BCL2	Apoptosis-related genes	HBV pre-S2 increased Bcl-2 expression	[86]
Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 (survivin)	BIRC5	Cell cycle, regulation, apoptosis inhibitor	HBV and HCV	[87]
Cyclin D1	CCND1	Regulators of CDK kinases, interact with tumor suppressor gene	HBV	[88]
CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator	CFLAR	Apoptosis-related genes	HBV-induced HCC	[89]
Type II keratin Kb8	KRT8	Cytoskeletal organization, cirrhosis	HBV	[89]
Ribosomal protein S5	RPS5	Protein synthesis	HBV	[89]
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2	IGFBP2	Cell membrane receptor related genes	HBV	[89]
Matrix metalloproteinase 9	MMP9	Metastasis-related genes	HBV	[89]
ATP synthase F 1	ATP5F1	Transportion	HBV	[89]
Frizzled-7 receptor	FZD7	Activates the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway	HBV	[90]
Insulin-like growth factor2	IGF2	Stimulatory role, gestation	HBV	[91]
Maternally-transmitted human gene	H19	Cancer causing	HBV	[91]
Tumor growth factor beta 1	TGFB1	Tumor suppressor	HBV	[92]
Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein	Mcl-1	Controlling life and death decisions in response to rapidly changing environmental cues and immune response	HBV pre-S2Δ protein	[86]
Transforming growth factor alpha	TGFA	Morphogenesis	HBV	[93]
Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1	LEF1	Regulatory proteins and potential drug target	Chronic HBV	[94]
Nuclear factor kappa B	NFKB1	Inflammation, immunity, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis	HBV	[95]
Insulin receptor substrate 1	IRS1		HBV	[96]
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1	PIN1	Cell proliferation, cell survival, immune responses	HBV	[97]
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR)	MET	Protooncogene, angiogenesis, gastrulation,	HBV	[98]
Protein tyrosine kinase 2	PTK2	regulation of the tumor suppressor p53	HBV and HCV	[99]
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1	RAC1	Cell growth, cytoskeletal, activation of protein kinases	HBV	[91]
Ras homolog gene family, member A	RHOA	Regulation and timing of cell division.	HBV	[91]
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7	SMAD7	Overexpression causes cancer	HBV	[100]
Immunoglobulin transcription factor 2	TCF4	Immune responce	HBV	[101]
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)	TNFSF10	Activates NFkappaB	HBV	[102]
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein	XIAP	Inhibits caspase 3, 7, and 9	HBV	[103]
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase	SRC	Regulation of embryonic development and cell growth.	HBV	[47]
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry	SOCE	Preventing the overload of the cell with excessive Ca(2+) ions	HBx	[104]
Metastasis associated 1	MTA	Contributes to angiogenesis	HBV	[68]
BAX	Upregulated by HBx	Apoptotic activity	Bcl-2–associated X protein	[105]