Why Control Activity? Evolutionary Selection Pressures Affecting the Development of Physical Activity Genetic and Biological Regulation

Table 1

Physical activity energy expenditures of various hunter/gatherer populations.

Populations	Sex	TEE	AEE	AEE/wt	Foraging range/day (km)	Weight (kg)
Ju/’hoansi (Africa)^a,b	M	2178	903	19.52	14.9^a	46.0
Ju/’hoansi (Africa)^a,b	F	1770	600	14.52	9.10^a	41.0
Ache (Paraguay)^b	M	3327	1778	29.75	19.2	59.6
Ache (Paraguay)^b	F	2626	1232	24.51	9.20	51.8
Hadza (Tanzania)^c	M	2649	1476.9	29.0	11.4	50.9
Hadza (Tanzania)^c	F	1877	822.5	18.9	5.8	43.4
Average hunter/gatherer (±SD)	M	2718 (578)	1386.0 (444.5)	26.1 (5.7)*	15.3 (5.4)	52.2 (6.9)*
Average hunter/gatherer (±SD)	F	2091 (466)	884.8 (320.6)	19.3 (5.0)*	7.5 (2.4)	45.4 (5.7)*
Average Western population^c	M	3053 (464)	1366.3 (268.3)	16.9 (3.3)	4.2 (2.7)^d	81 (11.1)
Average Western population^c	F	2347 (360)	950.0 (177.1)	12.8 (2.4)	3.2 (2.2)^d	74.4 (12.8)

TEE: total energy expenditure (kcal/day); RMR: resting metabolic rate (kcal/day); AEE: activity energy expenditure = TEE-RMR; AEE/wt: activity energy expenditure divided by weight (kcal/kg/d); data from ^a[39]; ^b[40]; ^c[42]; ^dvalues calculated using average daily step counts for men and women [47] and average step lengths for men [48] and women [49]. *Significantly different 𝑃<0.05 between hunter/gatherer and average western population. Values for average western population TEE, AEE, and AEE/wt used in statistical analysis derived from artificial dataset derived from means, standard deviations, and subject numbers as reported in [42].