Why Control Activity? Evolutionary Selection Pressures Affecting the Development of Physical Activity Genetic and Biological Regulation

Table 2

Physical activity energy expenditures of various agricultural populations.

Populations	Sex	TEE	AEE	AEE/wt	Weight (kg)
Tamang^a (Nepal)	M	3164	1674.3	31.3	53.5
Tamang^a (Nepal)	F	2382	1141.2	24.5	46.6
Devarishi Kuppam^b,c,j (Tamil Nadu, India)	M	2860	1580.3	31.5	50.2
Devarishi Kuppam^b,c,j (Tamil Nadu, India)	F	1984	902.3	20.6	43.8
Gambian^b,k (Gambia)	M	2292	716.4	12.3	58.47
Gambian^b,d,e(Gambia)	F	2480	1178.45	23.73	49.7
Mossi^b,f (Upper Volta)	M	2913	920.51	15.74	58.5
Mossi^b,g (Upper Volta)	F	2603	822.55	16.25	50.6
Senegal^b,h (Senegal)	M	2538	901.25	13.78	65.4
Senegal^b,h(Senegal)	F	2573	1219.75	21.10	57.8
Amish^i (Canada)	M	3100	1292.3	17.65	73.2
Amish^i (Canada)	F	1850	304.04	4.85	62.6
Aymara^l (Bolivia)	M	2329	1299.4	23.7	54.8
Aymara^l (Bolivia)	F	2654	1184.2	24.4	48.6
Average farming populations (±SD)	M	2742 (357)	1197.9 (362.7)	20.8 (8.1)^†	59.2 (7.8)^†
Average farming populations (±SD)	F	2361 (318)	964.6 (329.3)	19.3 (7.0)^†	51.4 (6.6)^†

TEE: total energy expenditure (kcal/day; average between dry and wet season where available); RMR: resting metabolic rate (kcal/day); AEE: activity energy expenditure =TEE-RMR; AEE/wt: activity energy expenditure divided by weight in kcal/kg/d; data from ^a[44, 45]; ^breviewed by [45]; data from ^c[50]; ^d[51]; ^e[52]; ^f[53]; ^g[54]; ^h[55]; ⁱ[46]: BMRs estimated using formula (3.5 mL/kg/min O₂) * 4.9; ^j[56]; ^k[57] values derived from Ph.D. thesis [58]; ^l[59]. ^†Significantly different 𝑃<0.05 between farming and Western populations. Values for Western TEE, AEE, and AEE/wt used in statistical analysis derived from artificial dataset derived from means, standard deviations, and subject numbers as reported in [42]. No significant differences between hunter/gatherer and Farming populations.