Oxidative Stress Induces Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Cytotoxicity through Independent Mechanisms in Human Cancer Cells
Figure 1
Two-phased, supercoiling-sensitive qPCR for improved mtDNA damage detection [33]. The percentage of relaxed/damaged mtDNA in C4-2 cancer cell line detected by a two-phased protocol and protocols previously reported as Fast and Regular ones (a). The absolute copy numbers of damaged and total mtDNA molecules were detected in normal RWPE-1 and three prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, C4-2, and PC-3) (b). The basal levels of mtDNA damage were calculated as the ratio of damaged versus total mtDNA copy numbers (c). Student’s t-test was used for significant analysis. (*, **).
