The Clinical Profile and Prognosis of Chinese Children with Melamine-Induced Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

The characteristics of studies including in this meta-analysis.

First author	M/F ratio	Diagnostic age (month)*	Duration of exposure (month)*	Diameter of calculi (mm)	Percent of asymptomatic patients (%)	Patient types	Treatment types	Sample size	Follow-up duration (month)					Quality score
									1	3	6	12	24
Sun [22]	2.13 : 1	11.8, 6–36	9.5, 0.5–24	—, —	0	IP	ST, CT	22	—	15	20	22	—	8
Chen [20]	1.88 : 1	24.0, 2–96	17.0, 2–69	—, —	87.8	OP	NO	49	—	30	—	—	—	8
Wen [15]	3.17 : 1	23.4, 2–84	12.4, —	<10, 100.0%	38.0	IP	CT	50	32	—	—	—	—	9
Wen [14]	2.61 : 1	25.5, 16–56	—, —	—, —	0	IP	ST, CT	195	—	—	—	—	194	7
Zhang [19]	0.67 : 1	16.0, 1–16	15.7, —	<5, 100.0%	—	OP	CT	54	49	—	—	—	—	7
Shen [16]	—	—, —	—, —	—, —	93.6	OP	DW	265	139	178	234	253	—	7
Yang [21]	3.00 : 1	18.0, 9–33	11.1, 5–18	—, —	0	IP	CT	8	6	—	—	—	—	10
Sun [23]	1.47 : 1	13.5, —	12.5, —	—, 94.9%	65.8	IP	CT	29	20	—	—	—	—	10
						OP	CT	50	46	—	—	—	—
Kuang [32] and Gao [38]	1.82 : 1	19.0, 1–36	10.8, 1–19	1–72, 89.6%	73.3	IP	CT	96	—	—	66	—	75/91^$	7
Liu [17]	1.61 : 1	19.8, 6–36	16.5, 2–36	1–9, 100.0%	91.5	OP	CT	47	—	—	42	—	—	8
Chang [33]	1.24 : 1	—, —	—, —	—, —	—	OP	DW	43	15	21	36	—	—	6
Zhang [28]	2.64 : 1	14.0, 2–36	—, —	5–15, 97.5%	68.8	IP	CT	37	30	—	—	—	—	8
						IP	ST	43	—	41	—	—	—
Wang [30]	1.47 : 1	11.2, 2–66	—, —	—, —	99.4	OP	CT	389	295	306	—	—	—	7
Sun [25]	0.81 : 1	14.0, 2–96	11.0, 2–29	—, 76.9%	92.3	IP	CT	65	46	—	—	—	—	9
Tang [24]	1.68 : 1	—, 2–120	—, —	2–13, —	—	OP	CT	44	30	—	—	—	—	7
						OP	DW	30	14	—	—	—	—
Zhang [39]	—	—, —	—, —	>4, —	—	OP	CT	41	7	—	—	—	—	6
Zhu [34]	2.15 : 1	15.6, 3–36	—, —	4–10, 100.0%	—	IP, OP	NO	75	—	—	—	59	—	5
Zhu [27]	0.77 : 1	9.2^#, 2–66	—, —	3–20, —	98.2	OP	CT	28	6	—	—	—	—	7
He [26]	0.67 : 1	18.0, 5–36	—, 1–18	<5, 100.0%	73.3	OP	CT	60	54	—	—	—	—	9
Shang [36]	1.70 : 1	26.0, 13–48	—, —	—, 67.9%	—	IP	ST	27	—	—	—	25	—	8
						IP	CT	54	—	—	—	51	—
Zhang [37]	1.78 : 1	16.0, 2–36	15.0, 2–36	—, —	—	IP	ST, CT	98	—	61/98	78/90	86/91	—	8
Mi [35]	2.00 : 1	44.4, 1–72	—, —	—, 95.0%	—	OP	CT	15	13	—	—	—	—	7
Long [31]	0.68 : 1	37.0, 19–72	14.0, 2–32	4–11, —	—	IP, OP	CT	37	—	34	—	—	—	8
Wang [29]	1.54 : 1	20.0, 3–36	—, —	4–19, —	80.3	IP, OP	CT	127	94	111	113	—	—	8
Xu [18]	1.55 : 1	20.4, 1–60	—, 1–36	—, 100.0%	—	OP	DW	86	—	86	—	—	—	9

M: male; F: female; IP: inpatient; OP: outpatient; ST: surgical treatment; CT: conservative treatment; DW: only drinking more water; NO: no description.
*The data was expressed as mean and range.
^#The value was the median; in order to facilitate the calculation, we treated it as mean.
$The study [38] followed up the patients at 18 months after treatment initiation.