A Comparison between Use of Spray and Freeze Drying Techniques for Preparation of Solid Self-Microemulsifying Formulation of Valsartan and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Table 6

Pharmacokinetic parameters of valsartan after oral administration of the pure powder, marketed formulation (Valzaar), and liquid and solid SMEF.

Parameters	Pure drug	Valzaar	L-SMEF	S-SMSD	S-SMFD
𝐶max (μg/mL)	0.83±0.14	1.20±0.23	3.40±0.89	3.20±1.23	3.14±1.13
𝑇max (h)	1.00±0.21	1.10±0.42	0.75±0.24	1.02±0.53	1.05±0.46
𝑡1/2 (h)	7.83±1.23	5.13±1.47	5.94±1.25	6.06±2.63	5.22±2.35
Kel (h^−1)	0.088±0.03	0.13±0.07	0.11±0.04	0.11±0.06	0.13±0.03
AUC 𝑡0–t 12 (μg h/mL)	3.45±0.95	6.33±1.75	10.23±2.57	10.69±2.14	10.28±1.95
AUC 𝑡0–t ∞ (μg h/mL)	6.71±1.34	8.41±2.42	13.48±4.53	13.76±3.73	12.92±2.47
𝑓1	—	—	2.9	3.0	2.98
𝑓2	—	—	1.6	1.68	1.62

𝑓₁: Relative bioavailability compared to pure drug.
𝑓₂: Relative bioavailability compared to marketed formulation.
Each value is represented in mean ± SD. 𝑛=3.