Ultrastructural changes of hippocampus and neurons by TEM and SEM observations: (a, c, e) were control rats, (b, d, f) were diabetes rats, and (g) normal glucose medium (h) 24 h after high glucose treatment. The number of synapses in (b) as the arrows showed decreased compared with (a). The thickness of synaptic density was remarkably decreased, and synaptic cleft was widened in the diabetic rat as arrow of (d) showed. The arrow in (f) showed the mitochondrial crista disappeared and assumed to be characteristics of both apoptosis. The arrow of (h) indexed that membrane was disrupted and reduced neurite in high glucose medium.
