Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity

Table 1

List of studies describing the ROS-dependent effects of metal-based NP.

Nanoparticles	ROS-dependent effect	Reference
Iron oxide
Iron oxide	Necrosis and apoptosis in murine macrophage (J774) cells	[61]
Zero-valent iron	Acute cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cells	[140]
Iron oxide	Human microvascular endothelial cell permeability	[141]
SPIONS	Activation of NF-κB and AP-1, inflammation in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) and murine epidermal cells (JB6 P(+))	[142]
Copper oxide
Copper oxide	Genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells	[143]
Copper oxide	Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative DNA damage, cell death in A549 cell line	[144]
Copper oxide	Cytotoxicity in vitro in Hep-2 cell line	[145]
Copper oxide	Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in  vivo	[146]
Cerium oxide
Cerium oxide	Lung inflammation and alveolar macrophage apoptosis in  vivo	[147]
Cerium oxide	Apoptosis via caspase-3 activation and chromatin condensation in vitro in BEAS-2B cells	[64]
Cerium oxide	HO-1 induction via the p38-Nrf-2 signaling pathway in  vitro in BEAS-2B cell line	[148]
Cerium oxide	Lipid peroxidation and membrane damage in  vitro in lung cancer cells	[149]
Zinc oxide
Zinc oxide	Mitochondrial dysfunction, morphological modification, and apoptosis in  vitro in human fetal lung fibroblasts	[59]
Zinc oxide	Cellular oxidant injury, excitation of inflammation, and cell death in BEAS-2B and RAW 264.7 cells	[150]
Zinc oxide	Mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, and IL-8 release in  vitro in LoVo human colon carcinoma cell line	[151]
Zinc oxide	Mitochondrial damage, genotoxic and apoptotic cell effects in vitro human liver cells	[152]
Zinc oxide	Genotoxic and apoptotic responses in  vitro in human skin melanoma cell line (A375)	[153]
Zinc oxide	Endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and necrosis in rat retinal ganglion cells	[154]
Zinc oxide nanorods	Apoptosis in human alveolar adenocarcinoma cells via p53, surviving, and bax/bcl-2 pathways	[155]
Nanosilica
Nanosilica	Cytotoxicity and apoptosis via activation of p53 and Bax in vitro in human hepatic cell line; p53 and p21 mediated G1 phase arrest in  vitro myocardial H9c2 (2-1) cells	[156]; [157]
Nanosilica	Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro human embryonic kidney cell line	[158]
Nanosilica	Hepatotoxicity in  vitro in Kupffer cells and ROS-mediated cell death, oxidative DNA damage	[159]
Nickel oxide
Nickel oxide	Lipid peroxidation, apoptosis in  vivo in human epithelial airway cells	[160]
Nickel ferrite	Apoptosis in A549 cells through oxidative stress via p53, survivin, bax/bcl-2, and caspase pathways in normal Chang (normal human liver), MCF10A (normal breast epithelial), and WI38 (normal lung fibroblast) cell lines	[161]
Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide	Apoptotic cell death through ROS-mediated Fas upregulation and Bax activation	[162]
Titanium dioxide	Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in  vitro in human amnion epithelial (WISH) cell line	[163]
Titanium dioxide	Cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death in  vitro in HeLa cell line	[164]
Aluminum oxide
Aluminium oxide	Mitochondria mediated oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in human mesenchymal stem cells	[165]
Gold
Gold	Lipid peroxidation and autophagy in  vitro in MRC-5 lung fibroblasts	[166]
Silver
Ag-NP	Mitochondrial damage and genotoxicity in human lung fibroblast cells (IMR-90) and human glioblastoma cells (U251)	[167]
Ag-NP	JNK-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts	[50]
Ag-NP	Mitochondrial damage, apoptosis in  vitro in A549 cells	[168]
Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr)
Co-Cr NP	Oxidative DNA damage, micronuclei induction, reduced cell viability in human dermal fibroblasts	[169]