Role of HLA, KIR, MICA, and Cytokines Genes in Leprosy

Table 2

Associations between HLA class II and leprosy.

Population	Study design	Sample size	Phenotype	Serotype, allele, or haplotype	Type of association	P or Pc	Ref.
Japanese	Case-control	295LL, 74TL, 110 controls	LL/TT; LL	DR2; DRw9	Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃𝑐<0.008; 𝑃𝑐<0.0001	[12]
Thai	Case-control	32TT, 32 controls	TT	DR2; DQw1	Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.02; 𝑃𝑐=0.008	[22]
Korean		157LD, 162 controls	LD	DR1; DR2; DR9; DR4; DRw53; DQw1; DQw3	Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Resistance; Resistance; Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃=0.02; 𝑃<0.0001; 𝑃=0.02; 𝑃<0.0001; 𝑃<0.0001; 𝑃<0.0001; 𝑃<0.0001	[13]
Turkish	Case-control	23LL, 27BL, 50 controls	LL/BL	DR2	Susceptibility	𝑃=0.015	[23]
Asian Indian	Case-control	23TT, 16PTB, 19 controls	TT	DRB1 * 15:02	Susceptibility	𝑃<0.05	[24]
Indian	Case-control	138LD, 237 controls	LD	DR2; DQw1; DQw7	Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.00031; 𝑃𝑐=0.0004; 𝑃𝑐=0.00031	[15]
	Case-control	68LL, 237 controls	LL	DR2; DQw1	Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.0063; 𝑃𝑐=0.02
	Case-control	30BL, 237 controls	BL	DR9; DQw7	Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.04; 𝑃𝑐=0.0006
Indian	Case-control	28TT, 65LL, 47 controls	LL	DRB1 * 15; DRB1*15:01; DRB1*07:01; DRB5*01:01; DQB1*06:01; DQA1*01:02; DQA1*01:03; DQA1*02:01	Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃<0.0001; 𝑃<0.001; 𝑃<0.01; 𝑃<0.001; 𝑃<0.0001; 𝑃<0.01; 𝑃<0.01; 𝑃<0.01	[25]
	Case-control	28TT, 65LL, 47 controls	TT	DRB1 * 15; DRB1*15:02; DQB1*0601; DQB1*05:03	Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃<0.01; 𝑃<0.05; 𝑃<0.01; 𝑃<0.01
Indian	Case-control	39TT, 20PTB, 46 controls	TT	DRB1 * 15:02; Haplotype: DRB1*1501-DRB5*0101-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0502	Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃<0.05; 𝑃<0.05	[26]
Indian	Case-control	54TT, 44 controls	TT	DRB1 * 15	Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.0063	[27]
Japanese	Case-control	38LL/BL, 79LD, 50 controls	BL/LL; LD	DRB1 * 02; DRB1*12	Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃=0.037; 𝑃=0.013	[28]
Brazilian	Case-control	32TT, 147 controls	TT	DR2	Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.0132	[29]
Japanese	Case-control	93LD, 114 controls	LD	DRB1 * 04:05; DQA1*03; DQB1*04:01	Resistance; Resistance; Resistance	𝑃𝑐<0.05; 𝑃𝑐<0.05; 𝑃𝑐<0.05	[30]
Brazilian	TDT	73 families (147 sib-pairs)	LD	DQB1 * 02:01; DQB1*05:01; DRB1*7	Resistance; Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃𝑐=0.008; 𝑃𝑐=0.008; 𝑃𝑐=0.036	[31]
	TDT	73 families (147 sib-pairs)	TT	DQB1 * 02:01; DQB1*05:01	Resistance; Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.024; 𝑃𝑐=0.024
Egyptian	Case-control	24LD, 30 controls	LD	DR2; DQ1	Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃=0.032; 𝑃=0.015	[32]
Southern Indian	TDT	223 ASP	TT	DRB1 * 15(2); DRB1*09	Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃=0.012; 𝑃=0.004	[33]
Argentinean	Case-control	70LL, 112 controls	LL	DQB1 * 02:01; DQB1*02:02; DQB1*02:03	Resistance	𝑃𝑐=0.02	[34]
	Case-control	19PB, 112 controls	TT	DRB1 * 04	Resistance	𝑃𝑐=0.0192
North Indian	Case-control	34BT/TT, 79BL/LL, 111 controls	BL/LL	DRB1 * 15:01	Susceptibility	𝑃<0.05	[35]
Brazilian	Case-control	578LD, 691 controls	LD	DRB1 * 04; DRB1*07; DRB1*10; DRB1*12; DRB1*15	Resistance; Resistance; Susceptibility; Resistance; Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.04076; 𝑃𝑐=0.04753; 𝑃𝑐=0.02102; 𝑃𝑐=0.04399; 𝑃𝑐=0.02288	[36]
Euro-Brazilian	Case-control	578LD, 691 controls	LD	DRB1 * 04/NN^c; DRB1*07/NN^c	Resistance; Resistance	𝑃𝑐=0.01; 𝑃𝑐=0.01
Afro-Brazilian	Case-control	578LD, 691 controls	LD	DRB1 * 10/NN^c; DRB1*15/NN^c	Susceptibility; Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.024; 𝑃𝑐=0.0002
Vietnam	TDT	194 single-case families	LD	DRB1 * 10; DRB1*04	Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃𝑐=0.04; 𝑃𝑐=0.03
Argentinean	Case-control	71LD, 81 controls	LD	DRB1 * 14:01; DRB1*14:06; DRB1*08:08; DRB1*11:03	Susceptibility; Susceptibility; Resistance; Resistance	𝑃𝑐=0.0011; 𝑃𝑐=0.0011; 𝑃𝑐=0.0006; 𝑃𝑐=0.0004	[37]
Chinese	Case-control	305LD, 527 controls	LD	DRB1 * 15; DRB1*09	Susceptibility; Resistance	𝑃𝑐=0.002; 𝑃𝑐=<0.001	[38]
Brazilian	Case-control	30BL, 178 controls	BL	DRB1 * 16:01	Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.0208	[39]
	Case-control	63LL, 43TT	LL	DRB1 * 08	Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.0481
Taiwanese	Case-control	65LD 190 controls	ML	DRB1 * 04:05	Resistance	𝑃𝑐=<0.0001	[40]
Brazilian	Case-control	17LL, 77 control	LL	DRB1 * 11	Resistance	𝑃𝑐=0.0132	[41]
Brazilian	Case-control	36LL, 85 control	LL	DRB1 * 16	Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.0105	[42]
	Case-control	20TT, 85 control	TT	DRB1 * 14	Susceptibility	𝑃𝑐=0.032

MB: multibacillary leprosy; PB: paucibacillary; LL: lepromatous leprosy; BL: borderline lepromatous; BB: borderline borderline; TT: tuberculoid leprosy; PTB: pulmonary tuberculosis; LD: leprosy disease; NN^c: all not significantly different alleles collapsed into a unique group (i.e., DRB1*04, 07, 10, 12, and 15) [36]; ASP: affected sib-pair; ns: not significant; Pc: corrected 𝑃 value; Ref.: reference.