Heat Shock Protein 72 Expressing Stress in Sepsis: Unbridgeable Gap between Animal and Human Studies—A Hypothetical “Comparative” Study
Figure 2
(a) Increased serum Hsp72 in septic patients was associated with mortality whereas human cell studies with Hsp72 induction were either inconclusive or protective or even partially associated with mortality and infection; (b) heat pretreatment and/or glutamine incubation and recombinant or Hsp72 agonists (sodium arsenite) partially protected human cells compared to the nonchallenged human cells or to those challenged with Hsp72 inhibitors (quercetin) or LPS alone (). Positive Hsp72 induction human in vitro studies were tried in healthy individuals or ARDS patients compared with 1 study in septic patients’ cells () whereas negative human Hsp72 studies (LPS, quercetin) or neutral studies (no induction) were only examined in septic human cells: iHsp72, inducible heat shock protein 72; hPBMC, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; hPMNL, human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes; hPBMC, human peripheral blood lymphocytes; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; Gln, glutamine; HS, heat stress; LPS, bacterial lipopolysaccharide; rHsp72, recombinant Hsp72.
