Vitamin D Signaling in Myogenesis: Potential for Treatment of Sarcopenia

Table 1

Effects of 1𝛼,25(OH)₂D₃ on proliferation and differentiation in myogenic cells.

Muscle cell type	Concentration; [1𝛼,25(OH)2D3]	Proliferation	Differentiation	Method of VDR detection	Reference
Myoblast; (chick)	0.13 nM	↑	↑	NI	Giuliani and Boland 1984 [41]
G8	3–300 nM	↓	NI	Equilibrium binding assay, chromatography	Simpson et al., 1985 [42]
Myoblast; (chick)	0.1 nM	↑	↑	NI	Drittanti et al., 1989 [43]
Myoblast; (chick)	1 nM	↑	↑	NI	Capiati et al., 1999 [44]
C2C12	1 nM	ND	NI	Immunoblot	Stio et al., 2002 [45]
C2C12	10 nM	NI	ND	RT-PCR	Endo et al., 2003 [46]
C2C12	100 nM	↓	↑	RT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunocytochemistry	Garcia et al., 2011 [26]
C2C12	1–100 nM	↓	↓	RT-PCR	Okuno et al., 2012 [27]
C2C12	1 nM	↑	↑	NI	Buitrago et al., 2012 [28]
C2C12	20 nM; 2 𝜇M [25(OH)D3]	↓	↓	RT-PCR, PCR cloning, DNA sequencing, immunocytochemistry, and immunoblot	Srikuea et al., 2012 [29]
C2C12	0.1 pM–10 𝜇M	NI	↓	NI	Ryan et al., 2013 [30]
C2C12, G8	1–100 nM	NI	↓	RT-PCR	Tanaka et al., 2013 [31]
C2C12	1–100 nM; 1–100 nM [25(OH)D3]	↓	↓	RT-PCR, immunoblot	Girgis et al., 2014 [32]

Promote (↑); inhibit (↓); no difference between vehicle and treatment (ND); not investigated (NI).