The Role of Ubiquitination and Sumoylation in Diabetic Nephropathy

Figure 1

Protein ubiquitination: ubiquitination is a multistep sequential process, which begins with the activation of ubiquitin by the ATP-dependent activating enzyme E1 followed by transfer of ubiquitin to the ubiquitin-carrier protein E2, forming a thioester linked E2-ubiquitin (E2-Ub) intermediate. The substrate-recruiting ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 interacts with the E2-Ub allowing for the transfer of ubiquitin to the target.