Review Article
Pathogenesis of Renal Failure in Multiple Myeloma: Any Role of Contrast Media?
Table 2
Main risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) or acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in patients with malignant plasma cell dyscrasias.
| (1) Comorbidities: chronic kidney disease, diabetes, aging, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease | | (2) Volume depletion (e.g., dehydration, etc.) | | (3) Hypercalcemia | | (4) Hyperuricemia | | (5) Repeated iodinated contrast media administration | | (6) Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs | | (7) Diuretics | | (8) Aminoglycosides | | (9) Hyperviscosity syndrome | |
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