Research Article
Prenatal Maternal Stress Predicts Childhood Asthma in Girls: Project Ice Storm
Table 4
-tests providing descriptive statistics (Mean, SD) for continuous variables.
| | Variables | Wheezing in the chest | Doctor-diagnosed asthma | Inhaled corticosteroids consumption | Yes
M (SD) | No
M (SD) | -test
(df) | Yes
M (SD) | No
M (SD) | -test
(df) | Yes
M (SD) | No
M (SD) | -test
(df) |
| | Socioeconomic status | 28.22
(12.80) | 23.13
(10.34) | −1.81*
(65.93) | 26.36
(10.70) | 25.78
(12.33) | −0.16
(66) | 26.16
(11.81) | 25.74
(12.14) | −0.14
(66) | Maternal anxiety
(6 months) | 2.27
(1.94) | 2.26
(2.14) | −0.03
(66) | 2.71
(2.27) | 2.15
(1.96) | −0.93
(66) | 2.52
(2.06) | 2.12
(2.00) | −0.79
(66) | Maternal anxiety
(11.5 years) | 1.13
(1.71) | 0.69
(1.22) | −1.12
(53.83) | 1.36
(1.96) | 0.83
(1.39) | −1.06
(55) | 1.15
(1.76) | 0.81
(1.37) | −0.81
(55) | | Life events (6 months) | 6.32
(3.92) | 4.61
(2.74) | −2.05**
(66) | 7.14
(4.29) | 5.13
(3.20) | −1.64
(16.94) | 6.89
(4.06) | 4.77
(2.94) | −2.48**
(66) | | Life events (11.5 years) | 2.19
(1.65) | 1.46
(1.63) | −1.67
(56) | 2.58
(1.83) | 1.67
(1.59) | −1.71*
(56) | 2.48
(1.75) | 1.51
(1.54) | −2.18**
(56) | | Obstetric Complications | 5.00
(2.97) | 4.26
(2.99) | −1.02
(66) | 5.43
(2.79) | 4.46
(3.02) | −1.08
(66) | 5.48
(3.20) | 4.19
(2.77) | −1.75*
(66) | | Child’s birth weight (grams) | 3345.95 (547.80) | 3366.52 (601.24) | 0.15
(66) | 3313.87
(548.77) | 3366.07
(578.05) | 0.30
(66) | 3362.77
(484.24) | 3350.10
(617.69) | −0.08
(66) | | Child’s gestational age (weeks) | 39.39
(2.01) | 39.42
(1.90) | 0.06
(66) | 39.29
(2.19) | 39.44
(1.90) | 0.26
(66) | 39.47
(1.76) | 39.37
(2.07) | −0.20
(66) | | Timing of stress (days) | 143.35 (89.45) | 134.19 (76.00) | −0.45
(66) | 168.21
(85.01) | 131.65
(81.72) | −1.48
(66) | 152.36
(92.14) | 131.51
(77.48) | −1.00
(66) | | Objective exposure | 11.38
(4.32) | 10.87
(4.25) | −0.49
(66) | 12.00
(4.17) | 10.93
(4.23) | −0.84
(66) | 11.28
(4.62) | 11.07
(4.10) | −0.20
(66) | | Subjective distress | 13.07
(13.64) | 8.57
(10.12) | −1.52
(66) | 13.00
(13.82) | 10.50
(11.94) | −0.68
(66) | 13.46
(14.97) | 9.60
(10.35) | −1.25
(66) |
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; ; timing of stress is the number of days between the due date and January 9, 1998. A higher value indicates earlier exposure during gestation.
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