Male and Couple Fertility Impairment due to HPV-DNA Sperm Infection: Update on Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Impact—Systematic Review

Table 3

Data about studies analyzing HPV-related spermatic modifications and their impact on fertility according to WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen (Data are expressed as value ± SD).

Authors (year)	Study type	Patients	Sperm concentration; (10^6/mL)	Semen volume; (mL)	Total sperm; count (10^6)	pH	Progressive motility; %	Normal morphology; %	Viability; %
Rintala et al. (2004) [20]	Case control	High-risk HPV DNA (+) 𝑛=10		3.07		7.37	54.2		65.2
		High-risk HPV DNA (−) 𝑛=55		4.03		7.51	56.5		69.6
Foresta et al. (2010a) [18]	Cross-sectional clinical	Sexually active subjects HPV (+) 𝑛=10	57.5±30.4	2.9±1.6	174.3±115.8	7.7±0.3	37.7±16.8^∗	31.5±8	83.5±7.9
		Sexually active subjects HPV (−) 𝑛=90	60.2±31.0	2.4±1.6	175.8±154.5	7.6±0.2	53.7±18.2^∗	33.1±11.1	84.6±8.6
		Virgin subjects 𝑛=100	58.3±29.1	2.7±1.5	174.5±164.7	7.6±0.3	53.7±19.0^∗	32.8±10.6	83.6±7.6
Foresta et al. (2010b) [32]	Cross-sectional clinical	Patients with genital warts HPV (+) 𝑛=14	53.5±30.0^∗	2.6±1.7	167.6±111.7	7.7±0.2	36.2±18.7^∗	32.6±10.7	80.2±9.1
		Patients with genital warts HPV (−) 𝑛=12	56.2±33.8^∗	0.8±1.8	177.1±126.4	7.4±0.3	56.2±19.8^∗	36.3±14.4	81.3±10.5
		Subjects with HPV+ partner HPV (+) 𝑛=27	48.5±23.0^∗	2.8±1.2	172.8±110.2	7.6±0.2	38.4±13.2^∗	31.8±11.2	82.4±8.8
		Subjects with HPV+ partner HPV (−) 𝑛=39	50.1±22.3^∗	2.5±1.3	178.4±102.3	7.7±0.4	53.8±16.5^∗	31.8±11.2	82.4±8.8
		Infertile patients HPV (+) 𝑛=11	30.0±21.5^∗	2.9±1.9	99.4±88.8	7.7±0.3	33.9±15.9^∗	32.9±13.9	79.8±8.6
		Infertile patients HPV (−) 𝑛=97	35.2±23.0^∗	3.0±1.5	102.9±100.9	7.6±0.3	51.7±16.2^∗	33.1±11.1	84.6±10.7
		Fertile controls HPV (+) 𝑛=2	60.5±31.5^∗	2.5±1.6	175.5±131.6	7.6±0.2	55.5±17.6^∗	33.5±10.6	81.7±9.4
		Fertile controls HPV (−) 𝑛=88	58.7±30.8^∗	2.6±1.6	176.0±139.6	7.7±0.2	54.2±17.9^∗	33.0±13.5	83.9±8.0
Foresta et al. (2011b) [33]	Cross-sectional clinical	Infected infertile patients 𝑛=32	32.4±21.1	3.0±1.1	100.2±73.4	7.6±0.3	29.7±13.8^∗	17.8±9.1	78.3±11.6
Garolla et al. (2012) [17]	Case-control	HPV-infected patients 𝑛=22	29.0±10.3	3.1±0.9	87.7±36.3	7.6±0.2	29.6±14.2^∗	19.0±6.3	81.3+6.3
		Control subject 𝑛=13	30.5±9.8	3.3±1.0	98.8±46.7	7.5±0.3	42.4±22.7^∗	21.1±7.5	83.8+8.3
		L1-incubated sperm (pool)					22.6±8.7^∗	20.9±6.5	82.8+8.7
Garolla et al. (2013) [34]	Cross-sectional clinical	Infertile HPV-infected patients 𝑛=61	32.0±11.2^+		94.2±36.5^+		29.0±11.4^+	18.8±6.2	80.0±7.1
		Infertile noninfected patients 𝑛=104	34.6±9.8^+		108.8±44.5^+		47.8±11.0^+	18.5±4.3	83.2±5.1
		Control subjects 𝑛=92	51.3±8.4^+		156.0±42.9^+		53.4±11.4^+	21.3±4.7	83.6±5.1

⁺𝑃<0.01; ^∗𝑃<0.05.