Local Overexpression of V1a-Vasopressin Receptor Enhances Regeneration in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Muscle Atrophy

Figure 5

V1aR overexpression directs inflammation towards the repair phase. (a) Real-time PCR analysis for CCL2, IL-1𝛽, and IL-6. These chemokines and cytokines typical of the first proinflammatory phase were highly transcribed in muscle overexpressing TNF alone, while the coexpression of V1aR significantly reduced their expression. By contrast, the expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines CD163, IL-10, and IL-4 (b) were strongly induced in muscle overexpressing V1aR and TNF together. (b) ^∗,#𝑃<0.05; ^∗∗,##𝑃<0.01; ^{∗∗∗,###}𝑃<0.001 by Student’s 𝑡-test.

(a)

(b)