Therapeutically Targeting Neuroinflammation and Microglia after Acute Ischemic Stroke

Figure 1

Phenotypes and activation of microglia after ischemic stroke. Under ischemic conditions, microglia change their morphology and become activated. Activated microglia are characterized as either an M1 classically activated phenotype or an M2 alternatively activated phenotype. Microglial activation induces transcription associated with the inflammatory mediators. According to their phenotypes, microglia can promote proinflammatory (by M1) or anti-inflammatory (by M2) machinery. IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-1𝛽: interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-10: interleukin-10; TGF-𝛽: transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-𝛼: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.