Complete Workplace Indoor Smoking Ban and Smoking Behavior among Male Workers and Female Nonsmoking Workers’ Husbands: A Pseudo Cohort Study of Japanese Public Workers
Table 3
Current smoker prevalence, decrease, and difference-in-differences (DID) estimates among husbands of female nonsmoking public office workers according to smoking ban categories.
Smoking ban categories
Current smoker prevalence of husbands
Effect size of the public office smoking ban
2001 %
2010 %
Decrease, % point (95% CI)
Decrease by percent change, %
DID estimates a, % point (95% CI)
Husbands of total female workers
52.7
34.9
17.8 (16.4, 19.2)
33.8
Partial smoking ban
51.9
35.4
16.6 (15.2, 17.9)
31.9
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)
47.2
32.3
14.9 (13.6, 16.3)
31.6
−1.6 (−10.5, 7.2)
Recent smoking ban (after 2007)
55.9
36.0
19.9 (18.5, 21.3)
35.6
3.3 (−4.3, 11.0)
Husbands of female workers aged 25–39 yearsb
Partial smoking ban
58.2
34.4
23.8 (22.5, 25.1)
40.9
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)
46.9
35.4
11.5 (10.1, 12.8)
24.5
−12.3 (−25.8, 1.1)
Recent smoking ban (After 2007)
59.2
38.5
20.8 (19.4, 22.1)
35.1
−3.0 (−14.6, 8.5)
Husbands of female workers aged 40–50 yearsb
Partial smoking ban
48.1
36.6
11.5 (10.1, 12.9)
23.9
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)
47.5
28.8
18.7 (17.4, 20.0)
39.4
7.2 (−4.7, 19.2)
Recent smoking ban (After 2007)
53.6
33.8
19.9 (18.5, 21.2)
37.0
8.4 (−2.0, 18.7)
The category of “Partial smoking ban" was used as a reference. Positive value of DID estimates represents smoking cessation rates among husbands of female workers.
bCategorized by age in June 2001. CI: confidence interval.
