The Nonglycemic Actions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors

Table 1

The important functions of DASH molecules.

Molecules	Functions	Soluble form in the blood
DPP-4	Type II membrane glycoprotein with dipeptidyl peptidase activity	Yes
FAP (Seprase)	(i) Type II membrane glycoprotein with dipeptidyl peptidase, collagenase, and gelatinase activity; (ii) Involved in extracellular matrix degradation, tissue remodeling, and fibrosis [15]; (iii) Can heterodimerize with DPP-4 for efficient tissue remodeling [16]	Yes
DPP-7 (QPP, DPP-II)	(i) Intracellular location with dipeptidyl peptidase activity; (ii) Most of its physiological substrate is unknown; (iii) Secreted in an active form in response to calcium [17]; (iv) Regulation of apoptotic pathway in quiescent lymphocytes [17]	Unknown
DPP-8/DPP-9	(i) Intracellular localization with dipeptidyl peptidase activity; (ii) Seems to be involved in M1 macrophage activation [18]; (iii) Up-regulation of DPP-9 during monocyte to macrophage differentiation [18]; (iv) Can cleave releasable neuropeptide Y (NPY) in brain [19]; (v) The regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis [19]	No
DPP-6 and DPP-10	(i) Transmembrane proteins with no peptidase activity; (ii) Binds to specific voltage-gated K^+ channels, altering their structures and biophysical properties [20]	No