Management of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in the Perioperative Setting

Table 7

Categories of procedures according to the severity of tissue trauma and the risk for peri-procedural bleeding.

Minor procedures with little tissue trauma
Superficial skin and oral mucosal surgery, skin biopsies; Wound revisions; Non-extraction dental treatment
Minor procedures with little tissue trauma, but relevant bleeding risk
Transluminal cardiac, arterial, and venous interventions; Pacemaker-related surgery; Pleura and ascites punctures; Cataract surgery; Arthroscopy, endoscopy, laparoscopy; Organ biopsies; Dental extraction; Hernia repair; Intramuscular and paravertebral injections
Major procedures with relevant tissue trauma and high bleeding risk
Open pelvic, abdominal and thoracic surgery; Brain surgery; Major orthopedic and trauma surgery; Vascular surgery