Associations of Prenatal Growth with Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Nutritional Status in Chilean Children

Table 3

Trends of the main outcomes in school-age children with perinatal variables. Prevalence and crude ORs and ORs adjusted by %FM, Puente Alto, Chile, 2009–2011.

BW (g)	𝑛	Obesity (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<2500	161	11.8	1.20	0.69–2.11	1.81	0.81–4.05	2.11	0.89–4.98
2500–2999	500	10.0	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
3000–3499	1335	14.0	1.47	1.05–2.04	2.00	1.28–3.13	2.06	1.27–3.35
3500–3999	992	19.8	2.22	1.59–3.09	3.55	2.26–5.58	3.07	1.87–5.04
≥4000	302	24.8	2.97	2.01–4.40	3.94	2.26–6.87	2.81	1.52–5.20
BW (g)	n	WC ≥ 90th percentile (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<2500	161	19.9	1.18	0.75–1.85	2.64	1.29–5.39	2.65	1.29–5.45
2500–2999	500	17.4	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
3000–3499	1335	19.7	1.17	0.89–1.52	1.53	1.03–2.29	1.49	0.99–2.23
3500–3999	992	23.5	1.46	1.11–1.92	1.94	1.29–2.93	1.79	1.18–2.72
≥4000	302	27.2	1.77	1.26–2.49	1.75	1.03–2.98	1.54	0.89–2.65
BW (g)	n	Stunting (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<2500	161	6.8	1.11	0.54–2.26	1.02	0.5–2.08	0.65	0.37–1.13
2500–2999	500	6.2	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
3000–3499	1335	4.3	0.68	0.43–1.06	0.67	0.42–1.05	0.75	0.47–1.18
3500–3999	992	1.7	0.26	0.15–0.48	0.27	0.15–0.50	1.08	0.71–1.63
≥4000	302	1.3	0.20	0.07–0.58	0.22	0.08–0.63	1.29	0.54–3.12
BW (g)	n	BP ≥ 90th percentile (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<2500	161	15.5	1.35	0.81–2.23	1.41	0.85–2.34	1.42	0.85–2.35
2500–2999	500	12.0	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
3000–3499	1335	10.9	0.89	0.65–1.23	0.90	0.65–1.24	0.90	0.65–1.25
3500–3999	992	9.3	0.75	0.53–1.06	0.73	0.52–1.03	0.74	0.52–1.05
≥4000	302	10.6	0.87	0.55–1.37	0.80	0.51–1.27	0.82	0.52–1.30
BW (g)	n	IR	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<2500	161	24.8	0.75	0.5–1.12	0.83	0.53–1.30	0.82	0.52–1.29
2500–2999	500	30.6	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
3000–3499	1335	24.5	0.74	0.59–0.92	0.70	0.55–0.90	0.66	0.51–0.85
3500–3999	992	25.3	0.77	0.61–0.98	0.67	0.51–0.87	0.60	0.46–0.78
≥4000	302	28.2	0.89	0.65–1.22	0.67	0.47–0.95	0.57	0.40–0.82
BL (cm)	n	BP ≥ 90th percentile (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<48	457	16.6	2.22	1.49–3.31	2.25	1.51–3.35	2.22	1.48–3.33
48-49	976	10.9	1.36	0.94–1.97	1.34	0.93–1.95	1.33	0.91–1.94
50-51	1264	9.3	1.15	0.80–1.65	1.12	0.78–1.62	1.12	0.77–1.61
52-53	522	8.2	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
≥54	71	15.5	2.04	1.00–4.17	1.93	0.94–3.96	1.93	0.94–3.96
BL (cm)	n	Obesity (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<48	457	12.3	0.64	0.45–0.92	0.38	0.23–0.62	0.65	0.37–1.13
48-49	976	13.3	0.71	0.53–0.95	0.43	0.29–0.66	0.75	0.47–1.18
50-51	1264	18.2	1.03	0.79–1.34	0.81	0.56–1.18	1.08	0.71–1.63
52-53	522	17.8	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
≥54	71	25.4	1.57	0.88–2.80	1.29	0.56–2.96	1.29	0.54–3.12
BL (cm)	n	Stunting (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<48	457	9.2	8.70	3.66–20.67	8.64	3.63–20.57	8.74	3.65–20.94
48-49	976	5.2	4.74	2.02–11.12	4.86	2.07–11.42	4.98	2.11–11.75
50-51	1264	1.2	1.45	0.58–3.62	1.51	0.6–3.76	1.52	0.61–3.79
52-53	522	1.2	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
≥54	71	0.0	—		—		—
BL (cm)	n	IR	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
<48	457	25.8	1.12	0.84–1.49	1.15	0.83–1.58	1.38	0.99–1.91
48-49	976	27.4	1.21	0.95–1.55	1.19	0.91–1.56	1.40	1.06–1.84
50-51	1264	25.9	1.12	0.88–1.42	1.05	0.81–1.36	1.13	0.87–1.48
52-53	522	23.8	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
≥54	71	28.2	1.26	0.72–2.19	1.04	0.56–1.94	1.00	0.53–1.85
GA (w)	n	BP ≥ 90th percentile	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
≤37	431	13.7	1.73	1.09–2.75	1.74	1.09–2.78	1.77	1.11–2.82
38	685	11.5	1.42	0.91–2.21	1.42	0.91–2.21	1.43	0.92–2.22
39	928	10.9	1.33	0.87–2.04	1.36	0.88–2.08	1.37	0.89–2.10
40	889	9.6	1.15	0.75–1.78	1.17	0.76–1.82	1.18	0.76–1.83
≥41	357	8.4	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
GA (w)	n	MS (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
≤37	431	10.2	2.14	1.21–3.78	2.37	1.28–4.39	2.46	1.33–4.55
38	685	8.2	1.68	0.97–2.90	1.76	0.97–3.17	1.78	0.99–3.22
39	928	6.5	1.30	0.76–2.24	1.51	0.84–2.70	1.56	0.87–2.79
40	889	6.9	1.39	0.81–2.38	1.55	0.86–2.77	1.58	0.88–2.84
≥41	357	5.0	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline
GA (w)	n	TG ≥ 110 mg/dL (%)	OR	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR**	95% CI
≤37	431	30.6	1.41	1.03–1.94	1.48	1.06–2.07	1.52	1.09–2.13
38	685	27.0	1.18	0.88–1.59	1.19	0.87–1.63	1.21	0.88–1.65
39	928	25.2	1.08	0.81–1.44	1.14	0.85–1.54	1.16	0.86–1.57
40	889	27.2	1.20	0.90–1.59	1.28	0.95–1.73	1.30	0.96–1.75
≥41	357	23.8	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline	1.00	Baseline

∗OR adjusted by %FM.
**OR adjusted by %FM, sex, and Tanner stage.
WC, waist circumference; BP, blood pressure; MS, metabolic syndrome; TG, triglycerides; BP, blood pressure; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment index-insulin resistance; BW, birth weight; BL, birth length; GA, gestational age; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval, %FM: percentage of fat mass.