Investigating the Synergistic Interaction of Diabetes, Tobacco Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Hypercholesterolemia on the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Italy
Table 3
Synergistic interaction between ever smoking and diabetes, alcohol consumption and diabetes, and alcohol consumption and ever smoking.
Variables (N = 320)
AOR (95% CI)*
Synergistic interaction
Ever smoking
Diabetes
No
No (reference)
1
4.93
Yes
No
1.42 (0.84–2.41)
No
Yes
1.19 (0.57–2.48)
Yes
Yes
4.01 (1.63–9.88)
Ever smoking
Hypercolesterol
No
No (reference)
1
1.32
Yes
No
0.86 (0.47–1.58)
No
Yes
4.00 (2.16–7.41)
Yes
Yes
4.78 (2.47–9.24)
Alcohol consumption
Ever smoking
No
No (reference)
1
17.61
Yes
No
1.48 (0.78–2.78)
No
Yes
0.65 (0.30–1.43)
Yes
Yes
3.29 (1.89–5.73)
Alcohol consumption
Diabetes
No
No (reference)
1
17.77
Yes
No
1.48 (0.78–2.78)
No
Yes
0.65 (0.30–1.43)
Yes
Yes
3.31 (1.50–7.32)
Alcohol consumption
Hypercolesterolemia
No
No (reference)
1
1.30
Yes
No
1.41 (0.81–2.50)
No
Yes
3.75 (2.01–6.98)
Yes
Yes
5.11 (2.66–9.82)
Diabetes
Hypercolesterolemia
No
No (reference)
1
3.68
Yes
No
0.61 (0.25–1.48)
No
Yes
3.65 (2.10–6.35)
Yes
Yes
9.31 (3.72–23.33)
AOR: odds ratio adjusted for work activity, diabetes mellitus, ever smoking, and alcohol consumption.
