Maternal OGTT Glucose Levels at 26–30 Gestational Weeks with Offspring Growth and Development in Early Infancy
Table 1
Characteristics of 27,157 mother-infant pairs according to maternal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 26–30 gestational weeks in Tianjin, China.
Total
Maternal OGTT at 26–30 gestational weeks
for differences
Normal GCT
+GCT and normal OGTT
IGT or IFG
New DM
Number of subjects
27 157
23 508
2229
1276
144
Maternal characteristics
Maternal age before pregnancy, y
28.0 (2.9)
27.9 (2.9)
28.2 (3.0)
29.0 (3.1)
29.4 (3.5)
0.001
Gestational age at delivery, wk
39.1 (1.4)
39.1 (1.4)
39.0 (1.4)
38.9 (1.5)
38.3 (1.7)
0.001
Systolic blood pressure during third trimester, mmHg
108 (10.7)
108 (10.6)
109 (10.9)
110 (11.5)
113 (10.5)
0.001
Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2
22.1 (3.4)
22.0 (3.3)
22.9 (3.6)
23.4 (3.5)
26.0 (4.0)
0.001
Prepregnancy BMI category, (%)
0.001
Underweight
2976 (11.0)
2742 (11.7)
171 (7.7)
62 (4.9)
1 (0.7)
Normal weight
17 518 (64.5)
15 432 (65.6)
1322 (59.2)
709 (55.5)
55 (38.2)
Overweight
5059 (18.6)
4096 (17.4)
543 (24.4)
375 (29.4)
45 (31.2)
Obesity
1604 (5.9)
1238 (5.3)
193 (8.7)
130 (10.2)
43 (29.9)
Gestational weight gain (IOM category), (%)
0.001
Excessive
21 466 (79.0)
18 689 (79.5)
1739 (78.0)
928 (72.7)
110 (76.4)
Adequate
4287 (15.8)
3654 (15.5)
366 (16.4)
247 (19.4)
20 (13.9)
Inadequate
1404 (5.2)
1165 (5.0)
124 (5.6)
101 (7.9)
14 (9.7)
Mother’s education, (%)
0.152
University and above
13 624 (50.1)
11 811 (50.2)
1087 (48.8)
664 (52.1)
62 (43.0)
Junior college
7596 (28.0)
6577 (28.0)
629 (28.2)
350 (27.4)
40 (27.8)
High school and under
5937 (21.9)
5120 (21.8)
513 (23.0)
262 (20.5)
42 (29.2)
Family income, yuan/month*, (%)
0.073
3000
15 878 (58.5)
13 739 (58.4)
1282 (57.5)
784 (61.5)
73 (50.7)
2000–2999
6087 (22.4)
5265 (22.4)
501 (22.5)
281 (22.0)
40 (27.8)
1999
5192 (19.1)
4504 (19.2)
446 (20.0)
211 (16.5)
31 (21.5)
Child characteristics
Boy, (%)
14 090 (51.9)
12 147 (51.7)
1178 (52.8)
684 (53.6)
81 (56.2)
0.276
Mode of infant feeding, (%)
0.048
Exclusive breastfeeding
4824 (17.8)
4201 (17.9)
397 (17.8)
209 (16.4)
17 (11.8)
Mixed breast and formula
18 940 (69.7)
16 400 (69.7)
1560 (70.0)
880 (69.0)
100 (69.4)
Weaned from breastfeeding
2887 (10.6)
2485 (10.6)
224 (10.0)
155 (12.1)
23 (16.0)
Exclusive formula feeding
506 (1.9)
422 (1.8)
48 (2.2)
32 (2.5)
4 (2.8)
Weight, kg
Birth
3.39 (0.47)
3.38 (0.46)
3.42 (0.48)
3.45 (0.51)
3.50 (0.63)
0.001
3 months
6.93 (0.81)
6.93 (0.81)
6.95 (0.80)
6.92 (0.81)
6.83 (0.80)
0.343
6 months
8.67 (1.02)
8.67 (1.02)
8.68 (1.00)
8.64 (1.02)
8.63 (1.04)
0.711
9 months
9.69 (1.11)
9.69 (1.11)
9.70 (1.10)
9.66 (1.11)
9.73 (1.16)
0.717
12 months
10.5 (1.16)
10.5 (1.16)
10.5 (1.13)
10.5 (1.14)
10.5 (1.32)
0.272
Length, cm
Birth
50.1 (1.6)
50.1 (1.6)
50.1 (1.7)
50.2 (1.6)
50.2 (2.1)
0.046
3 months
62.9 (2.3)
63.0 (2.3)
62.8 (2.3)
62.8 (2.3)
62.8 (2.7)
0.042
6 months
69.2 (2.5)
69.2 (2.5)
69.1 (2.4)
69.0 (2.5)
69.0 (2.5)
0.070
9 months
73.5 (2.6)
73.5 (2.6)
73.4 (2.5)
73.4 (2.6)
73.3 (2.5)
0.058
12 months
77.1 (2.7)
77.1 (2.7)
76.9 (2.6)
76.9 (2.6)
77.0 (2.8)
0.017
Data are mean (SD) or percent. GCT: glucose challenge test; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; New DM: newly diagnosed diabetes; BMI: body mass index. Normal GCT was defined as a glucose concentration 7.8 mmol/L after the GCT; +GCT and normal OGTT were defined as failed GCT (a glucose concentration 7.8 mmol/L after the GCT) with normal glucose after a 75 g 2-hour OGTT (fasting glucose 6.1 mmol/L and 2-hour glucose 7.8 mmol/L); IGT was defined as failed GCT and fasting glucose 7.0 mmol/L and 2-hour glucose 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/L; IFG was defined as failed GCT and fasting glucose 6.1 and 7.0 mmol/L and 2-hour glucose 7.8 mmol/L; and new DM was defined as failed GCT and fasting glucose 7.0 mmol/L or 2-hour glucose 11.1 mmol/L.
