Maternal OGTT Glucose Levels at 26–30 Gestational Weeks with Offspring Growth and Development in Early Infancy
Table 3
Changes in Z-scores for body length-for-age and weight-for-length for each three months and from birth to month 12 according to maternal OGTT at 26–30 gestational weeks.
Changes in Z-scores
Maternal OGTT at 26–30 gestational weeks
for differences
Normal GCT
+GCT and normal OGTT
IGT or IFG
New DM
From 0 to 3 months
No. of subjects
21 419
2017
1154
130
Length-for-age
Model 1*
0.94 (0.01)
0.86 (0.03)
0.75 (0.03)
0.62 (0.10)
0.001
Model 2†
0.94 (0.01)
0.85 (0.03)
0.76 (0.03)
0.63 (0.10)
0.001
0.94 (0.01)
0.87 (0.02)
0.82 (0.03)
0.76 (0.09)
0.001
Weight-for-length
Model 1*
0.37 (0.01)
0.32 (0.03)
0.18 (0.04)
−0.17 (0.11)
0.001
Model 2†
0.37 (0.01)
0.32 (0.03)
0.18 (0.04)
−0.16 (0.11)
0.001
0.35 (0.01)
0.39 (0.02)
0.33 (0.03)
0.14 (0.09)
0.027
From 3 to 6 months
No. of subjects
20 366
1932
1102
124
Length-for-age
Model 1*
0.11 (0.01)
0.11 (0.02)
0.09 (0.03)
0.02 (0.08)
0.584
Model 2†
0.11 (0.01)
0.12 (0.02)
0.09 (0.03)
0.02 (0.08)
0.519
0.11 (0.01)
0.12 (0.02)
0.09 (0.03)
0.02 (0.08)
0.609
Weight-for-length
Model 1*
0.32 (0.01)
0.28 (0.02)
0.29 (0.03)
0.38 (0.08)
0.107
Model 2†
0.32 (0.01)
0.28 (0.02)
0.29 (0.03)
0.38 (0.08)
0.108
0.32 (0.01)
0.28 (0.02)
0.28 (0.03)
0.37 (0.08)
0.075
From 6 to 9 months
No. of subjects
18 992
1827
1035
110
Length-for-age
Model 1*
−0.09 (0.01)
−0.11 (0.02)
−0.09 (0.02)
−0.07 (0.07)
0.838
Model 2†
−0.09 (0.01)
−0.11 (0.02)
−0.10 (0.02)
−0.07 (0.07)
0.839
−0.09 (0.01)
−0.10 (0.02)
−0.09 (0.02)
−0.07 (0.07)
0.860
Weight-for-length
Model 1*
0.05 (0.01)
0.06 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.13 (0.07)
0.576
Model 2†
0.05 (0.01)
0.06 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.12 (0.07)
0.580
0.05 (0.01)
0.06 (0.02)
0.03 (0.02)
0.12 (0.07)
0.562
From 9 to 12 months
No. of subjects
17 778
1739
1013
99
Length-for-age
Model 1*
−0.12 (0.01)
−0.14 (0.02)
−0.14 (0.02)
−0.10 (0.07)
0.662
Model 2†
−0.12 (0.01)
−0.14 (0.02)
−0.14 (0.02)
−0.10 (0.07)
0.663
−0.12 (0.01)
−0.14 (0.02)
−0.14 (0.02)
−0.10 (0.07)
0.688
Weight-for-length
Model 1*
0.02 (0.01)
0.07 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
0.12 (0.08)
0.011
Model 2†
0.02 (0.01)
0.07 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
0.12 (0.08)
0.012
0.02 (0.01)
0.07 (0.02)
0.07 (0.02)
0.12 (0.08)
0.013
From 0 to 12 months
No. of subjects
20 201
1988
1130
123
Length-for-age
Model 1*
0.85 (0.01)
0.73 (0.03)
0.63 (0.04)
0.51 (0.11)
0.001
Model 2†
0.85 (0.01)
0.73 (0.03)
0.63 (0.04)
0.50 (0.11)
0.001
0.84 (0.01)
0.75 (0.02)
0.69 (0.03)
0.62 (0.09)
0.001
Weight-for-length
Model 1*
0.77 (0.01)
0.71 (0.03)
0.56 (0.04)
0.29 (0.11)
0.001
Model 2†
0.77 (0.01)
0.71 (0.03)
0.56 (0.04)
0.29 (0.11)
0.001
0.76 (0.01)
0.79 (0.02)
0.71 (0.03)
0.61 (0.09)
0.056
Data are mean (SE). IFG: impaired fasting glucose; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; New DM: newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.
*Model 1 was adjusted for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, education of mother, and income. †Model 2 was adjusted for above variables and also mode of infant feeding. Model 3 was adjusted for above variables and also birth length-for-gestational age Z-score in change in length-for-age Z-score, birth weight-for-birth length Z-score in change in weight-for-length Z-score.
