Blood Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Myth or Reality?

Table 2

Blood biomarkers related to inflammation.

Biomarker	ALS	Controls	Finding	Reference
CCR2	42	38H 34ND	Low monocyte expression	[51]
	51	75H	Low monocyte expression	[52]
	50	40H	Low PBMC expression; Less CCR2 + PBMCs in limb versus bulbar onset	[53]
CD14 + monocyte	51	75H	Low level	[52]
CD4 + T lymphocyte	51	75H	High level	[52]
CD16 + leucocyte	27	8H 9ND	High level in ALS subtypes	[54]
CD8 + T lymphocyte	51	75H	Low level	[52]
	36	35H	High level	[55]
E-selectin	25	14ND	High serum level	[56]
EDN	44	44H 82ND	High serum level	[57]
Eotaxin	20	20ND	High serum level	[58]
GM-CSF	29	36H	Low plasma level; Correlated with duration	[50]
Granzyme A and B	30	30H	High serum level; Granzyme B level correlated with severity	[59]
HLA-DR	51	75H	Low monocyte expression	[52]
HMGB1 autoantibody	61	40H 80ND	High serum level; Correlated with severity	[60]
IL-6	20	20ND	High serum level in hypoxic patients	[61]
Interferon-𝛾	22	20H	High serum level; Correlated with duration	[49]
MCP-1	85	16H 33ND	High serum level but low in later stages	[48]
	27	30ND	High serum level	[62]
	42	38H 34ND	High plasma level	[51]
	29	36H	High plasma level; Correlated with duration	[50]
NK T lymphocyte	36	35H	High level	[55]
NLR	80	80H	High ratio	[63]
OX40	25	15H	Low serum level	[64]
Regulatory T cell	51	75H	Low level	[52]
	36	35H	Low level; Correlated with progression	[55]
	54	33H	High level in slow progression illness	[65]
			Low level in rapid progression illness
sRAGE	20	20H	Low serum level	[66]
TNF-𝛼	20	20ND	High serum level in hypoxic patients	[61]
	22	20H	High serum level; Correlated with duration	[49]
	88	40H	High plasma level	[67]
TNF receptor	88	40H	High plasma level	[67]
TRAIL	25	20H	Low serum level	[68]
wrCRP	80	80H	High level; Correlated with ALSFRS-R	[63]

H: healthy; ND: neurological/neurodegenerative disease; ALSFRS-R: revised ALS functional rating scale; CCR2: C-C chemokine receptor type 2; EDN: eosinophil-derived neurotoxin; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; HLA-DR: human leukocyte antigen-DR; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; IL: interleukin; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NK: natural killer; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; sRAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; TNF-𝛼: tumor necrosis factor-𝛼; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; wrCRP: wide-range C-reactive protein.