BioMed Research International / 2014 / Article / Tab 2 / Review Article
Soil Fungal Resources in Annual Cropping Systems and Their Potential for Management Table 2 General effects of agronomic practices on soil fungal diversity and abundance, disease incidence, soil fertility, crop nutrient use efficiency, and crop growth and yield.
Source of effects Biodiversity level Crop growth and productivity Disease, pests and pathogens Microbial abundance Soil fertility Nutrient use efficiency References Biodiversity management Crop rotation +a + − + [101 –108 ] Cultivar mix + + − + [103 , 104 , 109 ] Intercropping + ± − + [106 ] Cover cropping + ± − + [106 , 107 , 110 ] Nonmycorrhizal crops − + − [111 ] Transgenic crops 0 ± − 0 [112 –117 ] Pesticide use 0 + − 0 − [118 –121 ] Weed control − + − + [118 , 120 ] Inoculants ± + + + [80 , 91 , 97 , 98 , 122 , 123 ] Soil management Organic amendments + + + + ± [102 , 124 , 125 ] Nitrogen fertilizers ± + + + − [126 , 127 ] Mineral fertilization + ± + − [120 , 126 ] Tillage ± ± ± ± ± ± [31 , 128 –130 ]
a + (positive to no effects), 0 (negligible effects), − (negative to no effects), and ± (variable effect).