Emerging Anticancer Potentials of Goniothalamin and Its Molecular Mechanisms

Table 1

Mechanism of action of Goniothalamin (GTN) in various cancer cells and their molecular effects.

S. no	Cell line; (in vitro)	Animals; (in vivo)	Mode of cell death	Molecular targets/effects	References
1	786-0 (renal cells)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	NOS↑/BCL2↓	[27, 70]
2	786-0 (renal cells)	—	Cytotoxicity/autophagy	LC3↑/NFκB↓	[27]
3	Jurkat T-cells	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	Caspases 3 and 7↑, oxidative stress, DNA damage; RACK1↑	[81, 82]; [80]; [70]
4	HepG2 (hepatoblastoma); Chang (normal cells)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis; No toxicity	Caspase-3↑; Sparing normal cells	[72, 73]; [72]
5	HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	ROS↑	[85]
6	Caov-3 (ovarian); Caov-3 (ovarian); MDBK (normal kidney cells)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis; Antiproliferative; No toxicity	Caspase-3↑; bcl-2↓ and bax↑; Sparing normal cells	[32]; [77]; [80]
7	MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	Cell cycle arrest/modulating redox status	[33, 89]
8	MCF-7 (breast cancer)	—	Cytotoxicity/necrosis	Membrane integrity loss	[74]
9	COR-L23 (large; cell lung carcinoma)	—	Cytotoxicity	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells	[68]
10	NCI-H460 (human nonsmall cell lung cancer cells)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	DNA damage	[86]
11	Ca9-22 (oral cancer)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	DNA damage, ROS↑, ΔΨ↓	[88]
12	U251 (glioma)	—	Antiproliferative	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells	[65]
13	OVCAR-03 (ovarian)	—	Antiproliferative	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells	[65]
14	PC-3 (prostate)	—	Antiproliferative	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells	[65]
15	W7.2 T-cells	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	DNA damage, RACK1↑	[70]
16	NCI-460 (lung, nonsmall cells)	—	Antiproliferative	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells	[65]
17	NSCLC lung cancer	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	DNA damage,; MMP-2 and MMP-9↓	[87]
18	UACC-62 (melanoma)	—	Antiproliferative	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells	[65]
19	HL-60 (leukemia)	—	Genotoxicity/apoptosis	Ψ↓, caspase-9↑	[67, 80]; [84, 101]
20	U937 (lymphoma)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	ΔΨ↓, caspase-9↑	[84]
21	CASMC (coronary artery smooth muscle cells)	—	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	Caspase-2↑, p53↑	[78, 79]
22	HeLa (cervical)	—	Cytotoxicity; apoptosis	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells; DNA damage, caspase-9↑	[80–82]; [90]
23	HGC-27 (gastric)	—	Cytotoxicity	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells	[74, 80–82]
24	768-0 (kidney)	—	Cytotoxicity	Good cytotoxic compound to cancer cells	[80–82]
25	HT-29 (colon); LS174T (colon)	—; —	Cytotoxicity/apoptosis	Cell cycle arrest at S-phase	[89]; [68]
26	3T3 (normal fibroblast); ST3 fibroblast	—; —	No toxicity; Cytotoxicity	Sparing normal cells; Kills MMP1 expressing cells	[89]; [68]
27	PANC-1 (pancreatic cancer)	—	Cytotoxicity/necrosis	Loss of cell membrane integrity	[74]
28	CHO (Chinese hamster ovary)	—	Genotoxicity	Causing damage to DNA	[69]
29	K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia)	—	Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory	NF-κB↓	[83]
30	Platelets (rabbits)	—	Inhibitory	Platelet activating factor binding	[31]
31	Ehrlich tumor cells	Balb/C mice	Cytotoxicity	Tumor regression	[65]
32	Blood and serum parameters	Long; Evans rats	Cytotoxicity	Biochemical/hematology and histopathology evaluation	[47]