NMR-Based Metabolomic Profiling of Overweight Adolescents: An Elucidation of the Effects of Inter-/Intraindividual Differences, Gender, and Pubertal Development
Table 1
Mixed models of Tanner stage and gender effects in overweight adolescents on urinary metabolitesa.
Citrate
Creatinine
Hippurate
Phenylacetylglutamine
Urea
Gender
♂
70
27.1 ± 2.4b
262.9 ± 5.1b
46.6 ± 3.5b
38.9 ± 2.4
1358.2 ± 48.4a
♀
115
36.4 ± 2.7a
280.0 ± 5.4a
57.1 ± 3.9a
45.4 ± 2.6
1087.3 ± 53.5b
Tanner stage
1
♂: 5; ♀: 2
49.2 ± 6.8a
262.8 ± 12.6b
39.6 ± 9.0
33.7 ± 6.1
1326.5 ± 124.0
2
♂: 30; ♀: 7
29.7 ± 2.5bc
262.3 ± 6.9b
57.0 ± 5.0
41.2 ± 3.3
1211.8 ± 67.9
3
♂: 18; ♀: 53
30.8 ± 1.7b
257.7 ± 4.3b
57.4 ± 3.0
47.5 ± 2.2
1256.6 ± 43.1
4
♂: 13; ♀: 43
25.1 ± 1.9c
270.4 ± 6.6b
56.6 ± 3.8
48.3 ± 2.6
1257.8 ± 54.7
5
♂: 4; ♀: 10
24.1 ± 4.6bc
303.8 ± 8.9a
48.5 ± 6.4
40.0 ± 4.3
1060.9 ± 87.7
Significant effects (P values)
Gc
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.0002
Td
0.005
0.0003
0.30
0.06
0.29
G * T
0.24
0.81
0.73
0.009
0.03
Values are the relative concentrations according to a known TSP concentration and expressed mean ± SE; bNumber of subjects (♂: boys; ♀: girls); cGender; dTanner stages; Different letters indicate significant differences within columns (P < 0.05).