Differential Effects of Dry Eye Disorders on Metabolomic Profile by ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Table 3

Relative concentration of tear discriminating metabolites from mild-to-moderate DEDG and moderate-DEDG patients. Values are mean ± SD. Only significant metabolites are shown (𝑃<0.05, two-sample 𝑡-test).

Metabolites	Region; (ppm)	𝑃 value	Mild-to-moderate DEDG (au)	Moderate DEDG (au)
–CH3 lipids	0.84–0.88	0.007	0.0263±0.005	0.0233±0.007
Cholesterol/lipids	0.90–0.93	0.01	0.025±0.004	0.021±0.006
N-Acetylglucosamine	2.0–2.08	0.004	0.077±0.01	0.059±0.02
Glutamate	2.325–2.415	0.02	0.031±0.002	0.027±0.004
Amino-n-butyrate	2.95–3.025	0.04	0.0141±0.001	0.0142±0.002
Choline	4.05–4.09	0.02	0.004±0.001	0.005±0.002
Glucose	5.17–5.29	0.007	0.0084±0.005	0.015±0.009
Phenylalanine	7.20–7.40	0.08	0.028±0.004	0.034±0.006
Formate	8.45–8.475	0.02	0.0018±0.0008	0.003±0.001