Understanding Host-Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Interaction in Crohn’s Disease: Opening Up New Therapeutic Strategies

Table 1

Abnormal prevalence of Escherichia coli in Crohn’s disease patients.

Date	Country	Method	Sample	References
1978	United Kingdom	Antibody	Blood	[35]
1978	United Kingdom	Culture	Ileal and colonic biopsies	[36]
1995	United States of America	Immunocytochemical	Intestines and mesenteric lymph node specimens	[37]
1997	The Netherlands	DNA probe	Rectal biopsies and feces	[38]
1998	France	Culture	Ileal biopsies	[39]
2001	France	Ribotyping	Ileal biopsies	[40]
2002	Japan	qPCR^1	Small and large intestine and ileocolitis biopsies	[41]
2004	Ireland	Nested PCR	Microdissected granulomas	[42]
2004	United Kingdom	Culture	Ileal, ileocolonic, and colonic biopsies	[43]
2004	France	Culture	Ileal biopsies	[44]
2005	United Kingdom	FISH^2	Rectal biopsies	[45]
2006	United States of America	OmpC Antibody	Serum	[46]
2007	Canada	Culture	Ileocolonic and colonic biopsies	[47]
2007	United Kingdom	qPCR^1	Ileal biopsies	[48]
2007	United States of America	Culture	Colonic biopsies	[49]
2009	France	qPCR^1	Ileal biopsies	[50]
2009	Sweden	qPCR^1	Ileal biopsies	[51]
2009	Denmark	Culture	Feces	[52]
2010	Germany	Cloning	Colonic biopsies	[53]
2010	Germany	qPCR^1	Feces	[54]
2010	Australia	Microarray	Feces	[55]
2011	France	qPCR^1	Feces	[56]
2011	Brazil	Culture	Rectal biopsies	[57]
2012	Brazil	Culture	Ileal, colonic, and rectal biopsies	[58]
2013	United States of America	Culture	Ileal biopsies	[59]
2013	China	qPCR^1	Feces	[60]
2013	United Kingdom	culture	Ileal, ileocolonic, and colonic biopsies	[61]
2014	Spain	qPCR^1	Ileal, ileocolonic, and colonic biopsies	[23]
2014	Australia	qPCR^1	Ileal biopsies	[62]

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction; ²fluorescent in situ hybridization.