Carum copticum L.: A Herbal Medicine with Various Pharmacological Effects

Table 1

Chemical composition of C. copticum based on geolocation or type of extraction.

Compounds	Reference [10]	Reference [11]	Reference [12]	Reference [13]	Reference [17]	Reference [18]
Thymol	45.9	72.3%	17.41%, 50.22%	39.1%, 39.1%	54.50%	57.18
𝑝-Cymene	—	—	33.73%, 31.90%	30.8%, 1.6%	19.38%	22.55
𝛾-Terpinene	20.6	—	48.07%	23.2%, 2.6%	22.96%	13.07
o-Cymene	19.0	11.97%	—	—	—	—
Ethylene methacrylate	6.9		—	—	—	—
Hexadecane	1.1	—	—	—	—	—
𝛽-Pinene	1.9	—	—	1.7%	0.78	0.43
cis-Limonene oxide	0.7	—	—	—	—	—
𝛽-Myrcene	0.7	—	—	—	—	0.34
Myrcene	—	—	—	—	0.48	—
𝛼-Terpinene	—	—	—	—	0.29	0.311
𝛼-Thujene	0.4	—	—	—	0.30
Carvacrol	—	—	—	—	0.46%	0.524
𝛽-Phellandrene	0.4	—	—	—	—	0.541
𝛼-Pinene	0.3	—	—	—	0.10	0.29
Sabinene	—	—	—	—	—	—
Limonene	0.2	—	—	—	—	—
Dodecane	0.2	—	—	—	—	—
4-Terpineol	0.1	—	—	0.8%	0.11	0.155
𝛽-Fenchyl alcohol	0.1	—	—	—	—	—
Terpinolene	—	13.12%	—	—	—	0.095
Nerolidol	—	—	4.26%	—	—	—