Review Article
Carum copticum L.: A Herbal Medicine with Various Pharmacological Effects
Table 2
Respiratory effects of C. copticum and its constituents thymol and carvacrol.
| ā | Effect | Reference |
| C. copticum | Relaxant effect on tracheal smooth muscles | [20, 40] | Inhibitory effect of C. copticum on histamine (H1) receptors | [22] | Stimulatory effect on beta 2 adrenoceptors | [23] | Antitussive effects | [26] | Bronchodilatory effect | [20, 27] |
| Thymol | Increase of mucosa transfer due to ciliary motion | [28] | Antispasmodic effect | [29] |
| Carvacrol | Relaxant effect | [30, 31, 40] | Competitive antagonistic effect at histamine H1 receptors | [32] | Stimulatory effect on -adrenergic receptor | [33] | Blocking effect at muscarinic receptors | [34] | Inhibitory effect on secretion of TNF- and IL-1 in porcine alveolar macrophage | [35, 37] | Inhibitory effect on COX-1 and COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (anti-inflammatory effect) | [37] |
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