Xanthium strumarium L. Extracts Produce DNA Damage Mediated by Cytotoxicity in In Vitro Assays but Does Not Induce Micronucleus in Mice

Table 1

Mutagenicity testing of Xanthium strumarium extract in the Salmonella/microsome assay (TA 1535 and TA 1537).

Concentration; (𝜇g/placa)	TA 1535; Mean revertants/plate ± SD		TA 1537; Mean revertants/plate ± SD
	−S9	+S9	−S9	+S9
0^a	26.00 ± 8.54	10.3 ± 2.52	9.67 ± 2.89	8.00 ± 0.0
50	21.67 ± 4.04	9.00 ± 1.73	9.33 ± 0.58	7.33 ± 2.08
150	23.67 ± 2.08	8.67 ± 4.16	8.00 ± 1.00	6.00 ± 2.00
500	28.33 ± 9.07	11.33 ± 2.52	14.00 ± 3.46	8.33 ± 3.21
1500	32.67 ± 2.08	10.33 ± 6.11	12.33 ± 3.08	6.67 ± 2.31
5000	28.67 ± 1.53	5.67 ± 2.52	16.3 ± 4.93	7.33 ± 4.04
NaA1.5^b	405.3 ± 70.5**
CP 500^b		228.3 ± 36.2**
9AA 100^b			460.0 ± 50.0**
2AF 20^b				580.0 ± 34.6**

+S9: with liver microsomal S9 fraction; −S9: without liver microsomal S9 fraction.
^aNegative control, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
^bPositive controls. NaA: sodium azide; CP: cyclophosphamide; 9AA: 9-aminoacridine; 2AF: 2-aminofluorene.
** P < 0.01 (Student’s t-test).