Xanthium strumarium L. Extracts Produce DNA Damage Mediated by Cytotoxicity in In Vitro Assays but Does Not Induce Micronucleus in Mice

Table 3

Evaluation of chromosomal aberrations and mitotic index in CHO cells treated with whole extract of Xanthium  strumarium L.

Concentration; (𝜇g/mL)	Number of  cells	Aberrant cells^a (%)	Mitotic index (%)	Chromatid; breaks	Chromosome; breaks	^bExch.	Total; Ab.
DMSO 1%	150	1.33	74	0.66	0.66		1.33
3 h + 15 h recovery
10	150	1.33	77	0.66	0.66		1.33
25	150	4.00*	62	0.66	3.33		4.00
45	150	8.66**	32	2.00	7.33		9.33
18 h continuous
10	150	2.00	44	0.66	1.33		2.00
25	150	4.00*	53	2.66	2.66		5.33
45	150	NM	2
Mit C^c	100	23.00**		21.00		12.00	33.00
RX^d	100	38.00**		2.00	48.00	16.00	66.00

aExcluding gaps; NM: no mitoses; ^bchromosome and chromatid exchanges; ^cmitomycin C positive control (0.05 𝜇g/mL); ^dRX: positive control (2 Gy); *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 versus DMSO sample.